The basic assumptions of the liberal approach may be summarized as follows:

• International cooperation is possible, and it is the main feature of international relations. Cooperation can lead to positive changes in the system.

• Because a human being is inherently good and rational, states behave rationally as well. Rational state pursues its own interests, embodies moral principles, and follows the rules of international law.

• The distinction between domestic politics and international politics is not that clear as realists argue. Multiple sets of relationships between international actors transcend national borders.

• Besides states, humans and other actors such as international organizations are important and have the ability to effect changes in international relations.

• Power should not only be considered as “military power”;economic, social,cultural, and intellectual power also matter.

• Liberals emphasize the importance of concepts such as world society, global governance, international institutions, and interdependence in the contemporary world where boundaries between states become increasingly blurred.

• In a social system where power centralizes, we also observe poor governance. Good governance, however, requires democracy and political pluralism.

The First Hague Conference was held in May 1899 with the attendance of 26 states.

The growing roles of IOs and the increasing interdependence among states showed the importance of the con­cept of governance for understanding complex international affairs. Particularly, the end of the Cold War marked the beginning of the governance studies.

While both approaches assume that international system is “anarchic”, neorealists claim that foreign policy is constrained by anarchy.  However, neoliberals argue that international regimes, globalization, and international interdependence are important tools for managing the relations between international actors. The correct option is D.

International Labour Organization (ILO)
was established in 1919 as part of the Treaty
of Versailles. However, the preparation for an
IO in the field of labor had already begun at
the beginning of the 20th century with the
International Association for Labour Legislation.
The main aim of the ILO was to “secure the
permanent peace of the world” by creating
better conditions for workers at the universal
level. The ILO focuses on a variety of labor issues
including social justice, maximum working days
and weeks, adequate living wage, protection
against sickness, and protection of children,
young persons, and women (ILO, 2018).

IOs mainly provide a common platform for members to meet, deliberate, find solutions to their common problems, resolve their disputes, and widen their collaboration. States and other international actors have some demands and aims. They interact with other actors, create alliances, and organize meetings or conferences to meet these demands and achieve these aims. In this regard,
IOs are helpful by fulfilling significant functions. These are: articulation and aggregation, norm-setting, recruitment, socialization, rulemaking, rule
application, rule adjudication, information, and operation

In Politics Among Nations, Morgenthau wrote as follows: “There is no shirking the conclusion that in no period of modern history was civilization more in need of permanent peace and hence, of a world state” (Morgenthau, 1978: 503). Therefore, the correct option is A.

Some scholars, however, argued against the legalist approach. First, the domestic analogy of legalists may be flawed, because, especially from a liberal perspective, order refers to the political management of group relations rather than either law making or enforcing the law on individuals or nations. Legalists’ starting point has been the domestic analogy, but they too have somewhat mistaken the role of the government in domestic politics. 

At The Second Hague Conference, thirteen conventions and one declaration were signed. They were mostly related to arbitration, regulations on war as well as land and naval warfare.

Starting with the early 1970s some worldorder scholars have come to be known as cosmopolitanists. These scholars have had such common views on international relations: (1) Environmental conditions pose a threat to order. As a result, the state has become obsolete as a political organization and it should be modified and preferably transformed in the long run; (2) a specific understanding of justice, “distributive justice,” should be achieved at the global level; (3) a global community is on the rise and that community would help achieve distributive justice; (4) in this process many new institutions both above and below the state level would be necessary to establish. Therefore, the correct option is E.

Neoliberals attach greater importance to sustainable development, economic welfare, and non-security issue areas such as international environmental problems. The other four expresssions are belong to neorealists.

Norms are standards of behavior, and they are defined in terms of rights and obligations. The correct option is D.

The first main function of IOs is articulation and aggregation. This refers to the ability of IOs to bring together unions or organizations that focus on similar issues.

The second significant function of IOs is norm-setting. International organizations greatly contribute to the creation of new norms. They also encourage states to involve in norm-setting processes.

The third function of IOs is recruitment. This refers to their organizational capacity to allow new members to become a member of the international community with full rights.

The fourth main function of IOs is socialization. In general, socialization can be considered as a learning process of states about values. INGOs can enable people who share the same beliefs to get socialized at the international level. IOs including MNCs contribute to socialization via diffusing cultural and social values.

Other three significant functions of IOs are rule-making, rule application, and rule adjudication.

The perfect example of the 18th century Congress System is the Utrecht Congress, which convened in 1713 to end the War of the Spanish
Succession. Regardless of their size or strength, all the European sovereign states were represented at the Congress.

In fact, looking from a broader historical perspective, Reves thought that war has occurred wherever and whenever political units of equal sovereignty have faced each other. The solution to the problem of war, then, would be integrating the warring units into a higher sovereignty. 

Despite their relatively late emergence, IOs have rapidly become essential components of international relations. Particularly in the 21st century, the importance of IOs has remarkably increased due to the rapid development of interdependent structures in the world order as a result of the globalization process. It is in this context where IOs emerge as vital actors that involve in any type of political, economic, and social challenges that this century faces

Functionalism, as another Idealist proposal for world order, argues for the organization of international cooperation not along the line of territoriality but of specific social and economic activities. It stresses cooperative nature of world politics rather than international conflicts and, as  such, addresses the problem of war and peace indirectly. Therefore, the correct option is B.

The domestic analogy of legalists may be flawed, because, especially from a liberal perspective, order refers to the political management of group relations rather than either law making or enforcing the law on individuals or nations. Legalists’ starting point has been the domestic analogy, but they too have somewhat mistaken the role of the government in domestic politics.

From a pragmatic perspective, one should ask the question what this world order, if realized at all, would mean for the individual’s life and for the nations’ future. Pragmatism looks at the consequences (to the “fruits”) of a certain rule for action. Imagine a world where individuals and other entities in the world would act only according to the rules established by an authority. This would not be an order at all for peoples who would like to live in a world where they feel free so as to pursue their own truths, beliefs, and dreams. There may be a certain disbelief in the potentiality of human beings in this legalistic proposal- a certain fear from the future, so that everything should be managed by the threat of punishment. This is a liberal way of approaching to neither human relations nor to political government.

As it can be seen above in the table, there are various actors affecting global policies.

IOs have significantly contributed to the notion of global governance.