Preventive deployment is a new concept for the UN. It was first advocated by the Secretary-General in Agenda for Peace and was applied for the first time in Macedonia. The essence of this strategy is a preventive military action rather than a diplomatic response. It involves the positioning of troops, military observers and related personnel on one or both sides of a border between entities that are in dispute (or where there is an emerging threat of conflict).

International security studies (ISS) is a sub-field of International Relations (IR). It has evolved from the disciplines of War Studies, Military History, and Geopolitics after the Second World War.

Structural realism emphasizes four core elements of international politics:
• States are seen as rational actors and by far the most important actors in the international system.
• The international system is anarchic; there is no international authority that can prevent the use of force between states.
• Each state cannot take its security for granted and thus, is responsibleforensuring its own survival, most notably through the nurturing of material capabilities.
• The balance of power (the formation of alliances with certain states to counter the threat of other states) is the defining mechanism that regulates the international system and explains war and peace.

Military Sector refers to the two-level interplay between the armed offensive capacity and defensive capabilities of states and their perceptions of each other’s intentions. It is about relationships of forceful coercion. Here the referent object can be states.

Political Sector means the regime type of states and their ideologies that provide them with legitimacy and authority. It is related to authority, governing status and recognition. In this sector, the referent object can be national sovereignty or an ideology. 

Economical Sector shows the welfare of the state and its access to natural resources and financial markets. It concerns trade, production, and finance. Its referent object refers to national economies.

Societal Sector relates to national identity, sustainable culture, customs, and religion. It is about relationships of collective identity. The referent object here is collective identities.

Environmental Sector includes the maintenance of the planetary biosphere. It refers to the relationship between human activity and planetary biosphere. Its referent object is species or habitats (Buzan, Waever, and Wilde, 1998: 8)

Morgenthau outlines the “six principles of political realism” as follows:
• Politics is governed by objective laws which have their root in human nature.
• The key to understanding international politics is the concept of interest defined in terms of power.
• The forms and nature of state power will vary in time, place and context but the concept of interest remains consistent.
• Universal moral principles do not guide state behavior, although this does not rule out an awareness of the moral significance of political action.
• Moral aspirations are specific to a particular nation; there is no universally agreed set of moral principles.
• The political sphere is autonomous (Heywood, 2011).

Security means “the absence of a threat to the stability of the international system and international actors, namely nation-states, multi-national corporations (MNCs), international governmental organizations (IGOs), international non-governmental organizations (INGOs), and armed non-state actors (ANSAs). During the Cold War, international security has been conceptualized within national security perspective that aims to overcome the mutual nuclear global destruction. The study of international security has focused on clearly defined enemies, the threat of use of deadly military force, the fear of mutually assured destruction (MAD), the two bloc’s ideological confrontations, and the attempt to avoid the Third World War. International security is in essence how to protect the state against internal and external threats. After the Cold War era, the emphasis in international security has shifted to collective security, human security, ethnic conflicts, global economy, environment, international migration, global terrorism, and cyber warfare.

Below are some examples of main threats of certain types of security;

Economic Security - Persistent poverty.

Food Security -Hunger, famine.

Health Security - Deadly infectious disease, unsafe food, malnutrition, lack  of access to basic health care.

Environmental Security - Environmental degradation, resource depletion, natural disasters, pollution.

Personal Security - Physical violence, crime, terrorism, domestic violence, child labor.

Community Security - Inter-ethnic, religious, and other identity-based tensions.

Political Security - Political repression, human rights abuses. Source: UN Trust Fund for Human Security, 2009, p. 7

Bandwagon is to side with a stronger power in the hope of increasing security and influence; ‘jumping on the bandwagon’.

Peace Research belongs to traditionalist approach. Others belong to Critical approach.

The International Criminal Court is a permanent international court that was established by the Rome Statute. 

Buzan distinguished five models of security due to newly emerging diversity of perceived threats:
1. Military security concerns itself with the two-level interplay of the armed offensive and defensive capabilities of states and state’s perceptions of each other’s intentions,
2. Political security focuses on the organizational stability of states, systems of government, and ideologies that give them legitimacy,
3. Economic security emphasizes on prioritazing access to resources, finance, and markets necessary to sustain acceptable levels of welfare and state power,
4. Societal security concerns itself with the ability of societies to reproduce their traditional patterns of language, culture, association, religious and national identities and customs within acceptable conditions for evolution,
5. Environmental security deals with the maintenance of local and planetary biosphere as well as space in order to ensure continued existence of all human beings (Buzan, 1999: 433).

Biosecurity is a general term to put necessary measures to prevent unwanted biological invasions that may include human, plants, animals, viruses, and so on.

British scholar Susan Strange (1996) offers Structural Power Thoeory and defines it as “the power to decide how things shall be done, the power to shape frameworks within which states relate to one another, relate to people or relate to corporate enterprises”. She distinguishes between four primary power structures: • The knowledge structure, which influences actor’s beliefs, ideas or perceptions; • The financial structure, which controls access to credit or investment; • The security structure, which shapes defence and strategic issues; • The production structure, which affects economic development and prosperity

Security regions can be regarded as miniature systems of international politics where all International Relations theories can be applied such as alliance theory, polarity, and balance of power etc. A regional security complex is is based on four components as follows:
1. Regional boundaries, which differentiate itself from its neighbors.
2. Regional anarchical system, which consists of two or three independents states
3. Power differences among countries in the region,
4. The patterns of amity and enmity (Buzan and Waever, 2003: 53).

In principle, the UN Charter has outlawed initiating a war of aggression. The correct answer is B.