As part of motivation, direction is described as the “purposive action to attain the goal”.

The opposite of the halo effect is sometimes called the “horns effect” where an individual is downgraded because of a single negative characteristic or incident.

The correct answer is E.

Jung thought that people could be typed into extraverts and introverts and that they had two basic mental processes—perception and judgment. Then, he divided perception into sensing and intuiting and judgment into thinking and feeling. This created four personality dimensions or traits: (1) introversion/extraversion, (2) perceiving/judging, (3) sensing/ intuition, and (4) thinking/feeling.

The correct answer is A.

Affective commitment involves the employee’s emotional attachment to, identification with, and involvement in the organization.

Continuance commitment involves commitment based on the costs that the employee associates with leaving the organization. This may be because of the loss of senority for promotion or benefits.

Normative commitment involves employees’ feelings of obligation to stay with the organization because they should; it is the right thing to do.

The correct match of the above items is 1-Y, 2-Z, 3-X. Thus, the correct answer is E.

Learning theory suggests that behavior patterns develop from the social environment by social modeling and learning. Thus, a person’s personality is developed and shaped by the influence of the environment as well as by what the person learns from the environment through experiences or observations. In sum; people learn from,

• social interaction with other people,
• early family socialization,
• social environment (friends, teachers).

Expectancy theory was firstly conceptualized by Vroom (1964) and then added new terms by Lawler and Porter (1983).

Behavior of individuals and groups in a political environment is studied by political science. This field contributes to OB with the topics of power allocation, conflict resolution, individual interests and negotiation, so the correct answer is A.

Anthropology discipline provides insights for understanding the relationship of human with the environment, and the contributions of this discipline to OB field are in terms of organizational culture and its effects on human behavior.

Contributions of economics to OB are mainly related with organizational structure. Economic pressures, as well as other factors, affect the organizational structure design and change, and the structure forms the basis for employee behavior.

In today’s conditions, engineering discipline also impacts OB field in terms of occupational health and safety which has became a popular area of research.

Medicine discipline with its concern on psychical and psychological health, also contributed to the development of the field, the main topics are related to work-stress and well-being.

Their behavior is a product of their own conscious choice, based on values, rather than a product of their conditions, based on external factors. Proactive people are known as “pathfinders” and the reverse is the “passive” approach, people who are not proactive fail to identify, or even sense, the opportunities and problems around them.

Enactive (Personal) Mastery means gaining relevant experiences in specific task. If an employee was successful with a job in the past, the probability of being confident about receiving success will be increased. The correct answer is B.

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory is the first motivation theory which is determined as the basis of later motivation theories.

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is the most widely used personality assessment instrument in the world.

• It is a 100-question personality test that asks people how they usually feel or act in particular situations.
• Respondents are classified as extraverted or introverted (E or I), sensing or intuitive (S or N),
• Thinking or feeling (T or F), and judging or perceiving (J or P).

Autonomy is the degree to which a job provides employee initiative in deciding about work related activities. The correct answer is E.

Human capital is one of the most important assets of organizations. This kind of capital includes knowledge, skill, ability and experience of individuals. As can be understood from the information given, the correct answer is E.

First of all, organizational culture is shared by those who possesses it, which means it belongs to a group. In that sense, culture is to the organization what personality is to the individual. Almost everyone who works in Bank ALLSMILE believes it is important to be social and friendly to their colleagues even when they rarely work closely with them. Second, (organizational) culture is born out of trying to solve (organizational) problems.

Service Climate is how employees collectively perceive the formal and informal ways and rules in terms of serving customers in an organization and what they see being rewarded and punished in terms of service behaviors.

The correct answer is B.

Personality in organizations means, set of traits, characteristics, and predispositions of a person. Usually matures and stabilizes by about age 30.  Affects how a person adjusts to different environments and workplace.

Distributive justice is the perceived fairness of the outcomes received by the employees. The correct answer is A.

Attribution theory tries to explain the ways in which we judge people differently, depending on the meaning we attribute to a given behavior. It suggests that when we observe an individual’s behavior, we attempt to determine whether it was internally or externally caused.

Unlike espoused values, basic assumptions are unconscious; they are “taken-for-granted beliefs, habits of perception, thought, and feeling”.  In organizations, they ensure that members pay attention to the same things in the same ways, interpret them in similar ways, and react similarly emotionally

McClelland (1965) defined motives as “affectively toned associative networks” arranged in a hierarchy of strength or importance within a given individual”. He and his associates developed three groups of needs; Need for Achievement, Need for Power and Need for Affiliation.

Need for Achievement (nAch): It is the drive to succeed and achieve the set of standards. People high in this need look for challenging work environment, like to receive concrete feedback about how well they are doing and look for taking responsibility to excel.

Need for Power (nPow): A person high in this need tries to make others in behave in a way they do not like to. This need is about the desire in exerting power over others.

Need for Affiliation (nAff): It is the need based on the desire to have close and friendly relationships. People high in this need likely to build quality social ties and social interaction.

The correct answer is Choice E.