Formal groups are constituted by the organization itself in order to perform certain tasks, and there are order groups or functional groups and task groups in formal groups. The correct answer is B.

Too much red tape is an idiom, which has been frequently used to denote unnecessary paperwork in organizations.

Cohesiveness is the strength of the members’ desire to remain in a team and their commitment to it. Interpersonal cohesion is the members’ attraction to other group members. Task cohesion is members’ attraction and commitment to the tasks and goals of the group. The correct answer is B.

According to Gartner (2010), swarm is characterized by a flurry of collective activity involving anyone who is able to add value to a task. They form quickly, solve the problem or grab an opportunity, and then quickly disperse. Their members are not members of the same formal group, and probably include people who have never worked together (Buchanan and Huczynski, 2017, p. 320). However, academic researchers refer to this work arrangement as a huddle.

Social status refers to the relative ranking that an individual hold and the value of that individual measured by a group. Therefore, the correct answer is D.

Approach-approach conflict, where the individual is motivated to approach two or more positive but mutually exclusive goals

People oriented leaders focus on satisfaction of the group members so they closely follow their subordinates personal development and progress. People oriented leader behaviors involve such as friendship, trust, respect, warmth. They share knowledge and communicate with subordinates to understand and solve their problems. The correct answer is E. 

Adjourning stage is about the termination of the group activities. Temporary groups have to end their lives in a professional manner. The correct answer is C.

Organizations are composed of physical and social structures. The term physical structure refers to tangible assets such as buildings, plants, plots and institutional design. Social structure refers to formal interaction and communication patterns; hierarchical relations; organization of departments and units; written rules, instructions and procedures. The correct answer is Choice D.

According to contingency leadership approach, the factors determining the effectiveness of the leader are:

• The quality of the intended purpose

• Abilities and expectations of the followers (group members)

• Characteristics of an organization that leadership composed

• Past experiences of the leader and the followers

Military, ministries and other state organizations are the typical examples of the vertically designed organizations.(s. 230)

The firms in the silk production sector have hierarchic structures, formal rules and strict work environment. (s. 232)

Firms in the electronic sector had a flat hierarchy, less formalization, flexible work environment and participative decision making system. (s. 232)

Job enrichment, decentralization, informal interactions, teamwork and communication among units are the significant features of horizontal design. (s. 230)

Organic design perspective characterized by decentralized, flexible and informal interactions among employees are best for rapidly changing environments. (s.232)

The correct answer is A.

Task conflict is about task related issues. It is peculiar to disagreement about task content or about work goals. The correct answer is Choice B.

A mecganic desgin in arganization includes Traditional hierarchy, Structured decision making, Mostly vertical communication and Formal rules.

Continuous process production: There is no direct human involvement to the manufacturing process. All steps of the production are mechanized and they consist of numerous chemical steps. There is no start or stop, manufacturing proceeds in a cyclical manner. Chemical plants, beverage producers, oil refineries, pharmaceuticals and nuclear plants are the examples of the organizations having continuous process production.

Interpersonal trust and good communication are the critical essentials of virtual teams. The correct answer is C.

In order for a crowd to become a group, conditions such as common goals, common norms, and common feelings of being a group are required. The minimum requirement for a crowd to become a group is interaction. Accordingly, the group is defined as “more than one person who are in interaction with each other”. The correct answer is E. 

Intraorganizational conflict has four sub-levels: Intrapersonal, Interpersonal, intragroup and intergroup conflict.

Task management; this leader has a high concern for production, on the other hand minimum concern for people.

Middle of the road management; this leader has a moderate concern for production and people.

Impoverished management; this leader has neither a concern for people nor concern for production.

Team management; in this leadership style, both job satisfaction and productivity are high, because the leader has a high concern for both people and production.

Country club management; this leader has low concern for production, but much more concern for people.

The correct match is 1-Z, 2-X, 3-Q, 4-Y. Thus, the correct answer is C.

I. Trait perceptive in leadership is very different from the other perspectives in leadership because it focuses only on the leader, not on the followers or the situation.

II. In trait approach,  the list of possible significant traits for effective leader is unlimited. 

III. Trait approach assumes that all successful leaders have the same personal traits that are equally important in all situations.

First sentences is not a true statement. Thus, the correct answer is E. 

Trait Approach: Leadership is come from birth.

Behavior Approach: Leadership effectiveness comes from the behavior of the leader.

Contingency Approach: The effectiveness of leadership differentiates according to the situations.

From the 1980s to today: There is no common consensus on leadership styles.

The correct match is 1-X, 2-Z, 3-W. Thus, the correct answer is B.