James Thompson developed another contingent model concerning organizational technology and structure. Thompson claimed that structure should be designed according to workflow interdependence among departments. Interdependence refers to the degree of dependence among departments to each other to accomplish their tasks.

Social structure refers to formal interaction and communication patterns; hierarchical relations; organization of departments and units; written rules, instructions and procedures.

Internally caused behaviors are those we believe to be under the personal control of the individual. Externally caused behavior is what we imagine the situation forced the individual to do. If one of your employees is late for work, you might attribute that to his partying into the wee hours and then oversleeping. This is an internal attribution. But if you attribute lateness to an automobile accident that tied up traffic, you are making an external attribution. The correct answer is Choice A.

Cognitive theory: This theory posits that people develop their thinking patterns as their life unfolds. Accordingly, cognitions affect how the person interprets and internalizes life’s events.

Learning theory: This theory suggests that behavior patterns develop from the social environment by social modeling and learning. Thus, a person’s personality is developed and shaped by the influence of the environment as well as by what the person learns from the environment through experiences or observations.

Biological theory: This theory indicates that personality as genetically inherited.

The correct answer is A.

In impoverished management, the leader has neither a concern for people nor concern for production. Managers show little effort on building relationships with employees or getting the tasks completed. Therefore, the correct answer is A.

Formalization refers to the number of written documents comprising procedures, job descriptions, regulations, instructions and guidelines.

Balanced processing refers a leader’s ability to analyze all relevant information objectively and examine other people’s opinions before making decisions. Authentic leaders with balanced processing, consider not only their own perspective, but they also open all others’ perspectives and solicit viewpoints from those who disagree with them. The correct answer is A.

Option A belongs to the trait of tolerance for stress whereas B belongs to the trait of energy. Moreover, the statement given in option D belongs to the trait of emotional maturity. Finallly, E explains the trait of task-relevant knowledge. Therefore, the correct option that explains the trait of integrity and honesty is C.

In country club management, the leader has low concern for production, but much more concern for people. Country club managers focus on building positive relations among employees even when production is low. The correct answer is E.

Unlike espoused values, basic assumptions are unconscious; they are “taken-for-granted beliefs, habits of perception, thought, and feeling”.

Basic assumptions are the least visible element of organizational culture and they are the most difficult to discover. This is mostly because organizational members make these assumptions unconsciously.

However, because these assumptions are the least visible and most ingrained, they may also result in very serious problems when different organizational cultures meet.

Role conflict arises when individuals face with inconsistent or incompatible demands.

The correct answer is D.

Perception of conflict generates unpleasant feelings like anger or sadness toward the other party.

Theoretical evolution of this concept has started in the age of enlightenment in Europe. Rene Descartes, who is the founder of modern philosophy, believed that whole could only be understood by reducing it into small pieces. The term, which is based on the idea “a whole is the sum of its parts”, is called as reductionism. Reductionism has a very significant effect on the development of scientific research as well as organization of work in modern society. Adam Smith, father of economics, believed the benefits of applying job division for daily work routines. Frederic Winslow Taylor used these ideas to organize job in modern organizations. He suggested job simplification principle, which means jobs should be broken into simple tasks to achieve efficiency and order in his revolutionary book Principles of Scientific Management published in 1911. The correct answer is Choice E.

Storming stage is about conflict as members become more proactive and compete for various team roles. Discussions generally focus on behavior, roles, and social relationships that are right for doing the group’s task. Informal leaders begin to emerge, even though there is an existing leader in the group. Some members may try to isolate themselves from the emotional tension. The correct answer is B.

the term “formal organization” means tendency of organizations to record all business-related activities by written documents.

During the forming stage, group members discover expectations, evaluate value of membership, defer to existing authority, and test boundaries of behavior. They meet for the first time, and new team members try to learn about each other. The initial ideas regarding the group tasks start to be discussed. This stage is characterized by uncertainty, structure, and the leadership of the group. It is completed when the group members start to consider themselves as part of the group.

The contingency perspective of leadership focuses on leadership in situations. The main assumption is there is no optimum style of leadership, different conditions (situations) require different leadership styles.

White goods production is in the categories Woodward classified as 'large batch and mass production'?

Mechanistic (best when stable)

Traditional hierarchy

Mostly vertical communication

Formal rules

Structured decision making

Theoretically, CVF identifies two dimensions of values. The polar ends of each dimension are opposites. That means no organization can be 100% of both of these ends, which is why the values are said to compete with each other and serve different goals. Let us take a look at the dimensions and you will understand what we mean.

• Dimension 1 is about structure; one end is flexibility while the other is stability.
• Dimension 2 is about focus; on one end, the focus is internal and the emphasis is on integration while on the other end, the focus is external and the emphasis is on differentiation.