The first study of behavior perspective was conducted by the Bureau of Educational Research at Ohio State University in 1945 after World War II.

The definition “energetic forces that originate both within as well as beyond an individual’s being that influence the initiation, direction, intensity, and duration of action” describes the term "motivation."

Spoken procedures is not one type of documents formalization refers to.

The study of OB is primarily concerned with the individual characteristics, including personality, feelings, perception, values, attitudes, capabilities, motivation, and many other topics; and which of these characteristics are related with employees’ job outcomes (such as, motivation, performance, conflict, stress and burnout).

A team is defined as two or more people with shared leadership and fate, who work together and interdependent on each other’s support towards achieving a common goal; therefore, team members are jointly responsible for their outcomes.

A group is two or more people who interact with each other to achieve their individual goals which are not mutual goals.

Being similar to the characteristics of a national culture; organizational culture is defined as the set of shared beliefs, values, attitudes, norms, goals and practices among the organizational members, so that these shared values and behaviors form a unique psychological and social organizational environment that characterize the organization.

Organizational structure is defined as how people are organized or the division and coordination of jobs; the basic dimensions of organizational structure are the key organizational parts responsible for its success or failure, coordination mechanism, and type of decentralization.

As can be understood from the information given, all definitions in the answer choices are correct, so the correct answer is E.

Employees with internal locus of control, believe themselves, are confident so as they can control their work environment.

Latent Conflict: The first stage called as “latent conflict” means potential sources of conflict such as different values, needs, resource scarcity or goal incompatibility exist.

Felt Conflict: The third stage points emotional involvement in conflict.

Manifest Conflict: The fourth stage is the stage where the conflict becomes visible.

Perceived Conflict: The second stage refers to partners’ becoming fully aware that they are in conflict.

The correct answer is E.

Organizational theorists and researchers have used ideas of Max Weber to explain components of organizational structure. Weber was criticized because of designing an iron cage for the employees, which decreases creativity, increases
dissatisfaction and demotivation (Adler and Borys, 1996).

During the forming stage, group members discover expectations, evaluate value of membership, defer to existing authority, and test boundaries of behavior. They meet for the first time, and new team members try to learn about each other. The initial ideas regarding the group tasks start to be discussed. This stage is characterized by uncertainty, structure, and the leadership of the group. It is completed when the group members start to consider themselves as part of the group. The correct answer is A.

I. Managers are appointed to their positions and have formal authority in planning, organizing and implementing the goals set by organizations.

II. Managers'  ability to influence subordinates is grounded from the formal authority apart of that position. 

III.  leaders could be appointed or emerged from the organization, who have ability to influence a group of people to accomplish its goals and objectives.

IV.  Some people can be both leader and manager.

The correct sentences are I, III and IV. The correct answer is D.

Charismatic leaders are generally come to mind with politicians in certain circumstances and environments. Traits and behaviors are key factors that differentiate charismatic leadership from other leadership styles. Charismatic leaders are self-confident and have a strong belief in their own abilities. Besides, they could inspire and motivate by influencing followers. They have strong and inspirational articulation of future vision. On the other hand, transformational leadership is a process that transforms and changes the needs, beliefs and values of employees and organizational strategies to adapt to the surrounding environment. Transformational leaders increase subordinates’ awareness of the importance of their tasks; balance the interest of the organization with employee growth, and motivate their subordinates to work for solving organizational problems. Authentic leaders act in accordance with deep personal values which in turn create trust and ethical practices in organizations. Paternalism is like a father-child relationship that breeds loyalty and care in exchange for follower obedience and commitment. The correct answer is C. 

1. Approach-approach conflict, where the individual is motivated to approach two or more positive but mutually exclusive goals.

2. Approach-avoidance conflict, where the individual is motivated to approach a goal and at the same time is motivated to avoid it. The single goal contains both positive and negative characteristics for the individual.

3. Avoidance-avoidance conflict, where the individual is motivated to avoid two or more negative but mutually exclusive goals.

The correct answer is B.

Horizontal complexity is a specific term explaining the number of departments in organizations. There is a positive relation between the number of units/departments and horizontal complexity. It is possible to expect emergence of departments after organizations reach a certain size. But, horizontal complexity is not necessarily linked with organizational size; smaller organizations may have more units than the larger ones or large organizations can survive with a simple structure. There might be various factors determining level of horizontal complexity. Organizational purpose, environmental complexity and design approach of top management team are some of these factors. The correct answer is Choice A.

Max Weber had focused on developing an ideal form of organizing business in state institutions that may help to isolate these organizations from corruption – recruitment and promotion decisions were based on relations of a candidate with the German Dynasty. Weber named this ideal type of organization as “bureaucracy” and he defined basic features of bureaucratic forms.

Weber was criticized because of designing an iron cage for the employees, which, decreases creativity.

Horizontal structure is dominant

• Shared tasks, empowerment

• Relaxed hierarchy, few rules

• Horizontal communication, face-to-face

• Many teams and tasks forces

• Decentralized decision making

A team is defined as two or more people with shared leadership and fate, who work together and interdependent on each other’s support towards achieving a common goal; therefore, team members are jointly responsible for their outcomes.

Inspirational motivation is the leadership behavior that includes communicating high expectations to followers that want to meet, inspiring and motivating them to committed goals which in turn is the part of the shared vision in the organization. Followers are involved in visualizing the future states of organization. As a result, team sprit occurs by the help of this type of leadership. The end goal of transformational leaders are to develop followers into leaders. The correct answer is B.

Firms are classified under three categories by Woodward (1965):

Small batch and unit production: Some firms produce customized small orders of a specific customer group. Production of these goods requires human craft and it cannot be mechanized. Advanced manufacturing technologies such as CAM (computer aided manufacturing) are sometimes used. Shipbuilders, defense contractors and aerospace companies are the typical examples of these firms.

2. Large batch and mass production: Manufacturing process is based on job simplification and standardization. It progresses through fulfillment of predefined and sequential pieces of tasks. Automobile, computer and white goods manufacturers use mass production techniques.
3. Continuous process production: There is no direct human involvement to the manufacturing process. All steps of the production are mechanized and they consist of numerous chemical steps. There is no start or stop, manufacturing proceeds in a cyclical manner. Chemical plants, beverage producers, oil refineries, pharmaceuticals and nuclear plants are the examples of the organizations having continuous process production.

The correct answer is Choice B.

Henri Fayol was a French industrialist who examined administrative aspects of organizations in his book titled “General and Industrial Management” published in 1916. Fayol defined the important general principles of management, which are still used in various types of modern organizations. Departmentalization was one of his principles.