Protection of the technologies is the protection of knowledge and experiences during production processes13. It is also “the protection of unique of industrial and intellectual property of a company”. Intellectual Properties cover the skills and capabilities, technologies and brands of organizations. Patent, licensing activities and copyrights can be evaluated as protection activities. 

There are four basic types of incentive systems:

1. Personal pay, which is based on the individual compliance with rules or directives. Usually, personal pay-based systems take the form of a contract through which employee behavior is measured regarding people coming on at a particular time and then working for some hours.

2. Skill-based pay, which is based on merit, and is usually measured regarding formal education and seniority. It is the basis for payment in most organizations, whether private companies or public organizations.

3. Bonus-based incentives, which are based on individual performance, are rooted in a management-by-objectives philosophy. Goals, which are derived from the organizational goals, are set for employees, and rewards are distributed based on performance which is compared to preestablished targets or goals.

4. Profit sharing is based on giving both a fixed bonus and a share in the profits to the group (team, a division, department, or another subunit; it could also be the whole organization). People are rewarded by productive collaboration with others to yield high performance on the part of the group.

In general, bottom-up change is easier to implement than top-down change because it provokes less resistance. Organizations that have the time to engage in bottom-up change are generally well-run organizations that pay attention to change, are used to change, and change often. Poorly run organizations, those that rarely change or postpone change until it is too late, are forced to engage in top-down restructuring merely to survive.

“Technique” refers to the set of scientific knowledge and experience to use to accomplish tasks; technology is the ability of using the scientific knowledge and experience with the help of tools, machines and materials.

Ouchi's Ideal Type J has these characteristics:

• Lifetime employment
• Consensual decision-making
• Collective responsibility
• Slow evaluation and promotion
• Implicit, informal control
• Non-specialized career path
• Holistic concern

F. Taylor is the founder of scientific management theory. The correct answer is C.

The analytical process of rational decision making developed by Baker et al. is:

• Define problem
• Determine the requirements that the solution to the problem must meet
• Establish goals that solving the problem should accomplish
• Identify alternatives that will solve the problem
• Develop evaluation criteria based on the goals
• Select a decision-making tool
• Apply the tool to select a preferred alternative
• Check the answer to make sure it solves the problem

The correct answer is Choice E.

In the literature five stages are given for technology acquisition with the several tasks to accomplish:

1. Establish market-place requirements

2. Identify technology solutions

3. Classify technology solutions

4. Assess sources of technology acquisition

5. Make the technology decision

Exploitation: The important key characteristics in this process are about who will use the acquired technology, where and for what purpose is it going to be used in organizations. While the internal and external acquisition of the technology will be used by the departments of organizations, technology exploitation will utilize the new technologies to improve the performance of products or manufacturing processes.

Physical symbols, slogans, stories, jargon, ceremonies, rites and rituals, code of conduct are the ways organizational culture is conveyed. 

Disruptive innovation requires a new business model but not necessarily a technological breakthrough. For that reason, it also challenges or disrupts, the business models of other companies.

Porter described four attributes that can lead to national competitive
advantage; Factor conditions, Demand conditions, Related and supporting industries, Firm strategy, structure, and rivalry

Technology could be used to help and support the organisations in different ways, however in answer E, there is a negative assumption about the cost of needed technology for any organisation.

Technology can be described as “the information necessary to achieve a certain production outcome from a means of combining or processing selected inputs which include production processes, intra-firm organizational structures, management techniques, and means of finance, marketing methods or any of its combination”.

Limited information is available in Carnegie decision model. In rational model, information is available (not limited), decision making is costless and value free. The full range of possible alternatives is generated and solution is chosen by unanimous agreement. The correct answer is E. 

Innovation process has three stages: invention, development, and implementation.

How does use of technology help and support the organizations? The answers and explanations for this question are as follows:

• Technology can add economic value to organizations.

• Organizations can gain competitive advantage.

• Technology can improve the production of the existing goods and services.

• Technology can also improve new products, services and innovations.

• Technology can improve the relations among customers and organizations.

Architectural innovation combines technological and business model disruptions. An example is digital photography. For companies such as Kodak and Polaroid, entering the digital world meant mastering entirely new competencies in solid-state electronics, camera design, software, and display technology. It also meant finding a way to earn profits from cameras rather than from “disposables” (film, paper, processing chemicals, and services). Taking the example given above into account, Nokia needed to change the product itself, so the innovation needed to be one of the product innovation. Here both technological and business models needed to be changed. The correct answer is Choice D.

The advantages of having a strong organizational culture are listed to be: (1) Differentiates organization from the others. (2) Members’ organizational identification is easy. (3) Guides organizational behaviour. (4) Creates stability throughout the organization. And the disadvantages are: (1) Makes mergers & acquisition harder. (2) Only attracts the same type of people thus diminishes organizational diversity. (3) Creates organizational inertia. (4) Decreases organization’s environmental adaptability potential. The correct answer is Choice C.