Culture is related to history and traditions. • Meanings attached to culture has deeper roots that can go below the level of one’s consciousness. For this reason, it is not an easy concept, requires further explanations for thorough understanding. • Culture is collectively shared by a group of people. • Culture has strong ties with intangible dimensions such as perspectives, beliefs, and knowledge. Culture has to be interpreted rather than talked. • Culture is not a rational and analytical phenomenon; it is more of an integrative, subjective, and emotional phenomenon.

Culture is an integrative pattern of the meaning-making process which people subconsciously use to understand the world surrounding them via the shared set of values and beliefs, language, symbols, and physical artifacts.

As innovators are engaged in the four behaviors, it is crucial to search broadly. One source of insight is abstract concepts or findings derived from basic research (science). Basic research is conducted to discover new knowledge and is often published in academic journals. The main aim of basic science is enhancing the fundamental understanding of nature, without any commercial application or benefit in mind. In the end, however, basic research is often transformed into applied research with commercial applications. Secondly, individuals are likely to be creative in their work, especially in organizations that further a culture of “play”. Finally, insight can also emerge through autonomous actions, which are strategic initiatives undertaken by lower-level employees on their own will and often in response to unexpected situations. To be successful, top-level managers need to support autonomous actions that they believe fit with the organization’s vision and mission. The insight could be finding a problem that others have missed or perhaps uncovering a potential new solution to a well-understood problem. Four behaviors trigger generating insights: questioning, observing, networking, and experimenting. First, innovators bring forth insights through questioning, constantly challenging the status quo with “why” and “why not” questions to turn things upside-down. They often ask “what if” questions to envision a different future. Questioning gives you the fuel to power new associations and insights. Second, innovators gather new ideas by observing the environment as if they were anthropologists. Third, innovators surpass at networking, talking with people to find—or actuate a new way to solve—perplexing problems. Finally, innovators generate insights by invariably experimenting. They test new experiences wherever they go. They disassemble products or processes to see how things work—and how to improve them. The correct answer is Choice C. 

The main subjects of technology management are listed below.
• Human Resources Management
• Strategies and Politics
• Product or Service Development
• Marketing, organizations and program management
• Transferring of technology
• Corporations among universities and industries
• Organizational structures and procedures
• Planning and controlling, mathematical and statistical modelling
• Entrepreneurship and Intrapreneurship, International Entrepreneurship
• Supply chain management

The identification process of technology management includes:

• Technology assessment
• Pre-selection framework
• Technology/market scanning
• Information management 

The correct option is C.

Architectural innovation integrates new business models with new products that are based on new technical knowledge.

An advantage of the form of business group is the headquarter does not need to achieve coordination between business units; it has to cope only with the bureaucratic costs that arise from the number of businesses in its portfolio. II, III, and IV are true about business groups. 

Routine innovation refers to having the existent business model, exploiting the existing technical knowledge base and small improvements of existent products.

According to MIRP researchers, innovation process has three main periods: invention, development, and implementation. Invention refers to the emergence of an idea. The key mechanism of invention is exploration, which includes things represented by words such as search, variation, risk-taking, experimentation, play, flexibility, and discovery. Invention includes generating an insight about the customers’ problem or need and profoundly understanding this problem or need. The insight could be finding a problem that others have missed or perhaps uncovering a potential new solution to a well-understood problem. Four behaviors trigger generating insights: questioning, observing, networking, and experimenting. The elaboration of the idea takes place at the development stage. After identifying a customer problem worth solving, innovators search broadly for a variety of solutions and then use a series of prototypes. A prototype is a full-scale working model that is being tested for design, function, and reliability. Implementation means the widespread acceptance of the innovation. The central mechanism of implementation is exploitation, which contains such things as refinement, choice, production, efficiency, selection, and execution. The correct answer is Choice D.

Strategic change refers to alterations in a company’s corporate, business-level, and/or functional strategies. Mergers and acquisitions, outsourcing, and entering strategic alliances (franchising, equity alliance, joint venture, etc.) are the most common corporate change attempts. Product and/or process innovation, engaging to achieve economies of scale or scope, and offering new complementary products are some attempts at changing the business-level strategies. Investing in new equipment, changing price policy, and designing new education and training programs are some examples of changes in functional strategies.

The example given in the question is about franchising.

General systems theory and holism have gained popularity among organizational scholars in the post war period. Contingency theory can be denoted as the first comprehensive approach to relate organizations with their external environment.

Dynamic networks are dominant in the industries where production cycle times are relatively short such as the movie, garment, and construction industries. Contrary to dynamic networks, in the stable network, a large core company creates market- based linkages to a limited set of partners. These networks are more popular in relatively mature industries such as the automobile, home appliance, and heating, ventilation, and air conditioning industries.

The three are technologies stated by Thompson are:

1. Long-Linked Technologies
2. Mediating Technologies
3. Intensive Technologies

The correct option is B.

Organizational culture is shared social knowledge among organizational members shaping organizational members’ attitudes and behaviors based on mutually accepted rules, norms, and values.

Disruptive-Architectural innovations require a new business model.

The key mechanism of invention is exploration, which includes things represented by words such as search, variation, risk-taking, experimentation,

Defernder Stragtegy includes Efficiency orientation, Extensive division of labor, Centralization of authority and High degree of formalization

• Which sales rep should we use in this region?
• Should we use this advertising agency?
• Should we lower prices in response to our competitor’s doing so?

These are the decisions made by sales managers. Accounting managers decide on the answer to the question 'What accounting firm should we use?' The correct answer is C.

Implementation, whose key mechanism is exploitation, refers to the widespread acceptance of the innovation.