• Culture is related to history and traditions.
• Meanings attached to culture has deeper roots that can go below the level of one’s consciousness. For this reason, it is not an easy concept, requires further explanations for thorough understanding.
• Culture is collectively shared by a group of people.
• Culture has strong ties with intangible dimensions such as perspectives, beliefs, and knowledge. Culture has to be interpreted rather than talked.
• Culture is not a rational and analytical phenomenon; it is more of an integrative, subjective, and emotional phenomenon.

Lean Manufacturing involves continuous efforts by highly trained employees to reduce waste and improve quality at every stage of production process. Thus, the correct answer is C.

Technology insertion is one of the steps in the acquisition process, other options are not related to the question, therefore the correct answer is C.

Technological change refers to changing the hardware of the work and skills and knowledge of employees.

Selection process is about giving decisions for using appropriate technologies from the alternatives. 

Managers sense a need for change through the appearance of a performance gap—a disparity between existing and desired performance levels. This is about assessing the need for change which is the first step in change management. 

Technical system refers to the units, departments or parts in organizations where the main operations are carried on such as assembly line in a factory, software development units in an IT company and clinical units in a hospital- consultation rooms, operation theatres, radiology, and laboratories. Technical systems must be isolated from possible external effects to work properly. 

Founder(s) and top management team are essential figures shaping organizational culture. The founder is said to be the architect of the organization. From blueprints to the realization, it is the founder who makes essential decisions shaping organizational values. Founders’ values and vision tend to be very strong, and traces of their effect can be found anywhere within the organization even if several years are passed. Founders vision and values linger throughout the organization for good. One thing founders do during the initial stages of the organization is to employ people who they think suitable for the organization during the first few years. These recruits usually became the first-generation managers of the organization. By this way, values of the founder are easily transferred from one generation to the next. Managers providing role-model for aspiring managers create a chain reaction which sustains and develops organizational culture.

Focusing on a monetizable job, being aware of types of customers and their expectations, and looking for satisfying needs that have a high degree of customer emotion and engagement are the key elements in discovery of jobs-to-be-done. The correct answer is Choice B.

The network form combines legally separate companies along with a value chain into a loosely integrated whole. There are three types of a network form: The dynamic network includes independent companies along the value chain that form temporary alliances from among a large pool of potential partners. The stable network consists of a large core company that creates market-based linkages to a limited set of partners. The internal network is composed of commonly owned companies that allocate resources along the value chain using prices established in the open market.

In this sub-process, current and future technologies are identified to add value to organizations. It also includes foresights and gathering information about the technologies and capabilities that are in and outside the organization. Therefore the correct answer is A.

Advantages of Having Strong Organizational Culture are:

• Differentiates organization from the others.
• Members’ organizational identification is easy.
• Guides organizational behavior.
• Creates stability throughout the organization

''Business leaders are less ethical today than they used to be'' is a myth. The reality is that the ethical concern in organizations has always been a pervasive issue.

The types of technology identified by the organizations are listed below.

1. BaseTechnologies

2. Critical technologies

3. Pacing technologies

4. Emerging technologies

Information Systems and Technology Management includes:

-Decision support systems

Organizational culture in Cameron and Quinn's model is said to be composed of two values in which each value competes within. Each continuum highlights a core value that is opposite from the value on the other end of the continuum and hence constructing a four-fielder. These core values are; • Stability and Control Vs. Flexibility and Discretion, • Internal Focus and Integration Vs. External Focus and Differentiation. When these two values are put together on an X-Y axis, four different quadrants depicting different forms organizations emerge.These four quadrants are named as clan, adhocracy, hierarchy, and market.

One of the most frequently encountered types of bias in organizational decisions is escalation of commitment and it means that if you also have proofs that prove the truth of the idea against your own idea, you still insist on the accuracy of your own idea. The correct answer is C.

The steps of change management are assessing the need for change, deciding on the change to make, implementing the change, and evaluating the change.