As in all parts of Europe, the problems arising from Protestant Reformation in the 16th century overshadowed all of the other considerations in England as well. The political demand of various churches concealed the serious economic disorders that emerged parallel to the rise of modern trade and the collapse of the old economy. Utopia, which was written under these conditions, is a satire. The origin of the word utopia, which was created by Thomas More, is Greek. More used the prefix “ou”meaning “not” in front of the word “topos” meaning “place” and created this term which means nowhere, no place, anywhere, or placeless. He called his book Utopia, which he published in Latin in 1516. Since that date, the term has been generally used for a place that is outside the known boundaries of geographical world and human experience world. The model of society that More represents in Utopia is authoritarian, patriarchal, and hierarchical. There is a total economic equality. The elderly, husbands and fathers have respect and authority. Property is collective, there is no competition, and everyone works towards common interests.

The correct answer is B.

It is necessary to point out the different phases and characteristics of the Enlightenment idea which had emerged in different geographies. On top of that “enlightenment” refers to a different set of ideas which varies from one thinker to another of his place. In this context, Scottish, French and German Enlightenment schools should be referred. Although these schools were deeply separated from each other in terms of perspectives of the enlightenment idea, they also focused on common themes.

Multi-dimensionality is one of the main features of the contemporary understandings of social justice. It emphasizes the fact that whether a society is just or not cannot be assessed based on one single variable or unit of evaluation.

The perfecting of industrialized economics and the reach of their economic organs resulted in an increasing mechanization and quantification of productive activity.

Thomas Aquinas cliams that the best form of government is a mixed government combining elements of democracy, aristocracy and kingship (Summa, 1–2, q. 105, a. 1). This claim of Aquinas can be argued to be under the influence of Aristotle (Kilcullen-Robinson, 2017: 17)

In the Work of Ninety Days, William of Ockham advocates for the thesis that the highest form of religious poverty is to live without property or any other right enforceable by a human court.

Aristotle is considered as one of the founding fathers of the Western Philosophy. He is considered as the preliminary philosopher, who made a distinction between legal justice and social justice that is an idea specified as the beginning of the political philosophy by some scholars.

The correct answer is A.

-The Scottish Enlightenment approach is one of the most important turning points for the liberal state tradition.

-In the Scottish Enlightenment there is a distinct “market economy” thought. 

-John Locke’s thoughts was another factor that influenced the Scottish Enlightenment.

-The Scottish Enlightenment, on the other hand, asserts that the reason alone will not be enough to understand man and society. 

According to Montesquieu, climate and land determine the general characteristics of societies. Social characteristics are also reflected in the forms of management. In the same way, the emergence of social rules has the effect of these variables. In the northern countries where cold climate prevails, people are more laborious and disciplined. They can adapt more easily to the rules of life together because climate conditions force people to do this. These people have high self-esteem because they are able to survive despite difficult conditions. This situation also reflects positively on social relations.

In this respect, the person who trusts himself also trusts others. So the states in the northern countries become stronger. People living here also tend to be more easily adapted to social rules. They are also fond of their freedom. Therefore, it is almost impossible to occupy and enslave their countries.

According to Montesquieu, in the southern countries, warm climate pushes people to be lazy. They do not like working and being disciplined. People living in these regions have problems with authority. For this reason, people living in the South cannot develop a regular and strong union. This includes political structures they build. They build weaker states. It is therefore much easier for states established in the South to be invaded. Similarly, it may be possible to enslave people living in the southern regions. The same applies to the structure and breadth of the state land. Seizing the mountainous states is difficult. But it is easier to keep them. It is much easier to conquer states that are spread over large plains. The administrative form of the state varies according to the geographical characteristics of the country. As it is understood from this, people are natural and their needs are developing in the light of these differences (Ağaoğulları, 2011, p.549). The characteristic aspects of people living in the same geography have common characteristics. Montesquieu describes this as an expression of “general soul”. 

The Eighteenth Century is commonly referred to as the “Age of Enlightenment” in terms of the history of political thought. Indeed, the rational thinking based on the Enlightenment movement portrayed the main characteristic of this century. Enlightenment has brought radical changes to both social and political sphere.

The correct answer is option C. Max Stirner is one of the individualist anarchists. He thinks that the state will eventually be removed as a result of the spread of egoism and it is not the responsibility of the individuals to eliminate the state.

According to Hobbes, the realm of freedom depends on the legitimacy of the sovereign, and on the individual. Since all the consenting parties are basically equal, all legitimate actions of the sovereign have to be applied to each and every member of the political community.

Nozick’s theory of entitlement primarily focuses on individuals’ holding of private properties and is established on three principles that are all above. The correct answer is choice E.

The German Enlightenment, despite some common themes, has been significantly differentiated from the French and Scottish ones. The first reason for this is the socio-economic and cultural conditions of Germany. Compared to countries such as Germany, France and England, it made its national unity quite late.

First of all, Sen criticizes Rawls with giving priority to the liberal rights over the economic ones. Sen asks, “why should we regard hunger, starvation and medical neglect to be invariably less important than the violation of any kind of personal liberty?”

Hobbes’ method reduced the society to its simplest movements and then explained political behavior through the movements that activated these simple elements. When simple structures were known, complex political structures could be understood. Hobbes tried to keep his system of thought wide enough to explain allnatural phenomena including individual and social human behavior through scientific principles.

From an egalitarian perspective, three main concerns against the libertarian perspective can be noted. The first one is to give complete priority to liberal rights, especially to those securing private property. Basic and the most crucial human needs, such as being well nourished, basic health, being literate and escaping from avoidable mortality, cannot be ignored on the grounds of priority of libertarian rights.The correct answer is choice C.