Research misconduct does not include honest error or honest difference of opinion. Therefore B is the incorrect answer.

Steps to be followed to conduct a qualitative research are identifying the research focus or problem, selecting participants, data collection techniques, data analysis, and reporting. The correct answer is B.

Greene, Caracelli, and Graham (1989) suggest that five major objectives or motivations exist for conducting MMR. The first one is ‘triangulation’, which provides validation and concurrence of results gained from various methods and designs investigating the same circumstance. ‘Complementarity’, as the second motivation, seeks for further detailing, improvement, interpretation and description of the results obtained from one method with results from the other method. The third one is ‘initiation’, which means unearthing the bias, and discrepancies that cause re-designing of the research question. ‘Development’, the fourth motivation, includes utilizing the findings from one method to deliver clues to other method. The last motivation, ‘expansion’, seeks to expand the size of research with different methods for different investigation factors.

The research goal directs forthrightly to the research objective. In this step, the researcher should determine which of the following five major standard research objectives are pertinent for the quantitative and qualitative phases of the study: a) exploration, b) description, c) explanation, d) prediction, and/or e) influence.

b

b

Onwuegbuzie and Teddlie (2003) present a seven-stage conception of the mixed methods data analysis process within the MMR model. These stages are respectively data reduction, data display, data transformation, data correlation,
data consolidation, data comparison, and data integration.

There are six types of mixed methods research design. Their characteristics can be found in the following table:

The dependent variable is subjected to pretest and post-test procedures prior to testing the independent variable experimentally in this version of time series design, a.k.a intervention analysis or interrupted time series analysis. Just like the other non-randomized designs, formation of the independent variable is observed but not interfered by the researcher. The correct answer is A. 

When paraphrasing we generally begin the sentence with a signal phrase. When we want to imply that an author ‘argues in favor’, the verb that we use indicates that the source is providing evidence or reason for a position. Common signal phrases in this sense include argues, asserts, contends, demonstrates, holds, illustrates, indicates, ,insists, maintains, shows, supports and proposes. Differs and refutes means ‘argues against’; and determines implies drawing a conclusion from previous discussion.

Unlike quantitative approach, there is no need for hypotheses to develop research question(s) in a qualitative research study (Creswell, 2003). Likewise, the aim is not to figure out variables and the relations among them. In addition, questions directed to determine specific features such as cause-effect, relation, and difference are not used in qualitative research. The overall aim of qualitative
research is to comprehensively understand perceptions and processes. 

Czarniawska (2004) diagnoses narrative inquiry
design as written documents and conversations
interpreted about an event or a course of events
that are chronologically related. Narrative inquiry
is based on sharing experiences about an event or a
chain of events with another or others through any
channel of communication.

Virtue ethics refers to a researcher’s possession of certain traits/virtues as part of his/her character/personality such as being kind, generous, courageous, just, and prudent, etc. That is, it is an ethical perspective that treats the character of researchers as the primary focus of ethical evaluation. The correct answer is E.

Experimental research is unique yet not so common in political research as the
nature of experimental research demands manupulating of the independent variable in the experiment. More explicitly, it is a research type that explicitly attempts to influence a particular variable. Second, it is considered to be the best method to test hypothesis related to cause-and-effect relationships (Fraenkel & Wallen, 2010). In addition, ethics is of utmost consideration.

Research relations are about the questions of access, power, harm, deception, secrecy, confidentiality, and/or issues related to overt/covert research, etc.

Therefore, the correct answer is E.

Correlational studies enable the researcher to identify how one or a set of variables are related to another or enable the researcher to make predictions.

MMR can be defined as the combination of quantitative and qualitative methods for a clear understanding of research objectives than either approach alone. It is because MMR balances the weaknesses of quantitative and qualitative research and transforms them into strength. By using all types of data collection tools, researchers can get more comprehensive evidence for a research problem. On the other hand, MMR enables researchers to answer questions that cannot be answered by qualitative or quantitative approaches alone. MMR can be so functional that the researchers feel free to make use of different methodologies to reach the research objectives. It is possible to use words, pictures and narrative to add meaning to numbers in MMR. Requiring more than one research is considered as a weakness of mixed methods research.

European Commission (2010, p. 78) defines “privacy” as the protection of “control over information about oneself; control over access to oneself, both physical and mental; and control over one’s ability to make important decisions about family and lifestyle in order to be self-expressive and to develop varied relationships.” Privacy is also related to the issue of protecting both personal territory and information. Anonymity and confidentiality are the two strategies used to maintain/protect privacy. Confidentiality is the obligation of the researcher not to reveal information about a research participant without his/her permission. Anonymity is the condition of being anonymous as a participant in the research, or the removal of reference to a research participant from whom the information is gathered.

e

There are different types of surveys, therefore, as the researcher you need to relate your survey design to your research questions. Butt et al. (2016) provide
a list of survey types that can be utilized in political science research such as cross-national surveys, national time series, election surveys, and panel
surveys.