The amendments in 2004 were made due to the European Union access process. Capital punishment was nulled. New responsibilities for the government with regard to affirmative action in order to create gender equality in the society were introduced. The confiscation of press assets was prohibited in the amendments. In the case of any contradiction between Turkish laws and the international agreements, it was decided that the international agreements had superiority over Turkish laws. State Security Courts were terminated by the amendments. It was also adopted that the Turkish Court of Accounts would be able to examine the military finance affairs.

Necmettin Erbakan, an engineering professor with a successful academic career, ran for candidacy for the member of parliament from AP in 1969 elections but refused by Demirel. He ran for independent candidacy and was elected to parliament from Konya in 1969 elections. Later, with 17 other members, he founded National Order Party (MNP). When his party was closed as a consequence of 1971 military note, he founded a new party named National Salvation Party (Milli Selamet Partisi-MSP). MSP became one of the key parties of Turkish politics in both 1973 and 1977 elections by taking part in coalition governments. Both of these parties founded by Erbakan pursued a political ideology based on the synthesis of conservatism and developmentalism. Another major dimension of his parties was the focus on social justice.

The military units affiliated with the palace who took advantage of the new war technology opened fire on the janissaries. Many janissaries lost their lives in this attempt of rebellion, and the rest of them surrendered or fled. This event, known as Vakayı Hayriye, enabled the Ottoman Empire to get rid of the last traces of the traditional military system (Lewis, 1998, p. 81). A new army was established by Sultan Mahmud II under the name of Asakar-i Mansure-i Muhammediye. Thus, the Ottoman state formed a completely “modern” army system. Therefore, the correct option is C.

Between 1983 and 1991, the ANAP governments introduced numerous policies that resulted in a resurrection in the economy and showed some characteristics of a market economy. The most important structural changes in terms of the shift to a market economy were the abolition of the law of protection of the Turkish Lira (1990), the introduction of Capital Market Law (1981) which envisaged the reopening of the Istanbul Stock Exchange and the establishment of the Capital Market Board (1985), the liberalization of foreign exchange operations and international capital (1989), liberalization of the banking sector (1990), increasing the autonomy of the Central Bank and the Treasury from political interventions. Özal called in foreign consultants, including the Morgan Bank, which drew up a privatization master plan in 1986.

The first person to vocalize the Etatist experiment in the economy in Turkey was İsmet İnönü. Thus, the answer is B.

The first bank, the Ottoman Bank, was established as a Franco-British partnership in 1863 and functioned almost like a central bank in Turkey. It was established to bankroll the state, issue banknotes, and to put the state’s finances in order. The Ottoman state possessed limited control over the activities of the bank; and hence, over monetary policy.

DP won three consecutive elections between 1950 and 1960 and maintained its power. With May 27, 1960 coup, Democrat Party was closed and the state was governed by military forces until the elections in 1961.

The constitution declared that the political regime of Turkey was a republic and any
constitutional proposal to change this article was prohibited. The constitution also proclaimed that the Grand National Assembly was a true representative of the nation. The Assembly government model was recognized by the constitution. As the Assembly kept the legislative power in the political system, the president and the council of ministers controlled the executive power. The constitution stated that the president had the right to appoint a prime minister in order to form a council of ministers. The prime minister had to pick the ministers and submit them to the president for his approval and after the president’s approval of the list of the council of ministers, the prime minister had to seek the vote of confidence from the Grand National Assembly.

The constitution of 1924 can be regarded as a hard constitutional document. In order to enact a constitutional law, a legislative proposal had to be offered by one-third of the assembly and had to be adopted by two-thirds of the majority. There were some articles of the Constitution of 1924 that didn’t allow the Assembly to make changes. The supremacy of the constitution over ordinary laws was recognized as well and other ordinary laws were supposed to be compatible with the constitution articles. These features were a sign to regard the constitution of 1924 as a hard document. As Özbudun (2016, p. 32) points out, the constitution did not establish a constitutional court that would determine if the laws passed by the assembly were compatible with the constitution.

Within a short period of time, disagreements emerged within the National Unity Committee. More precisely, conflicting political views of the committee members who had acted together to achieve the coup d’etat emerged. The National Unity Committee composed of officials who were predominantly pro-Republican People’s Party. These officers wanted to act with the CHP leader İsmet İnönü. On the contrary, another group consisting of 14 people had nationalist tendencies. This group which was led by Alparslan Türkeş was against not only the DP but also the CHP. The power struggle between these two groups resulted in the removal of these 14 officers one of whom was Türkeş. They were given foreign missions and, through this way were distanced from the country. Thus, the National Unity Committee could have a more homogeneous character (Kayalı, 1994, p.

National Security Council (Milli Güvenlik Konseyi) Established after the military coup of September 12th. Following the general elections on November 6, 1983, the task of the National Security Council was terminated on 7 December 1983, when the Presidium of the TBMM was formed. Head of Council Kenan Evren was elected as the president. Other members of the Council have served as the “members of the Presidential Council” until the end of Evren’s presidency

The craftsmen operated in a hierarchical work place. At the bottom of the hierarchy were the apprentice, then the artisan or journeyman, then the master, and then the head of the guild. B is the right answer.

Turkey entered into a more liberal economic and political era. Thus, the answer is D.

Some important steps taken in the following years by DP when they came to power: religious liberty was expanded, a new law on freedom of press was passed, foreign investment was promoted, and a new law on foreign capital was enacted, new factories were built and agricultural mechanization was accepted as a public policy.

The 1946 elections were held in a short time, not allowing the opposition to organize. Despite this, the DP was quite effective during the process of election campaign. However, these elections were not conducted fairly. The election was held under the supervision of state officials and most of these officers were the members of the CHP. The votes were not explicitly counted; the ballot boxes were abducted in many places. There were very serious suspicions about the manipulation which directly affected the outcome of elections. As a result, the CHP won the elections and continued to rule the country. From now on, however, there was a parliament that composed of two parties. The DP won parliamentary representation and became an influential opposition party.

Modernity is a project that certain people in power seek to achieve, which aims at institutionalizing a number of principles including constitutionalism, moral autonomy, democracy, human rights, civil equality, industry, consumerism, freedom of the market and secularism.

DP won the elections in 1950, and Turkey entered into a more liberal economic and political era. C is the right answer.

The main debates on the Second Group can be gathered at the following points:

• Duties and responsibilities of the ‘Cabinet of Executive Ministers’
• Legislative Supremacy
• Discussions around the Supreme Military Law
• A matter of nomination in deputy elections
• Debates on the impartiality of the Assembly Presidency Council
• Independence Tribunals
• Fundamental Rights and Liberties

The Second Constitutional Era lasted between 1908 and 1918.