The world today encounters four extreme challenges:
• The transformation from Western Civilization to Global Civilization
• The development of Virtual Civilization
• A new great crisis, especially seen in the Western and the Eastern Civilizations
• The possible Clash of Civilizations

On the night of 21 November 2013, the “Euromaidan” burst into existence. It was a wave of demonstrations and civil unrest which surged first in Kiev and then in other cities.

In the beginning, Turks practiced shamanism in Inner Asia. During the first millennium CE, some small groups of Turks converted to Buddhism, Christianity, Judaism or Zoroastrianism. Some Uighurs also converted to Manichaeism. After their westward movement accelerated, Turks became Muslims.

The most prominent cause of the crisis in education is the crisis of business and public administration. The former gave rise to high unemployment, which in turn meant that government gets less money from taxpayers and is forced to reduce budgets of schools and state universities. In consequence, the numbers of teachers and academics employed are reduced and so are programs in education. This has a significant worsening impact on the quality of education.

After the collapse of Soviet Union, five Central Asia countries were formed: Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Azerbaijan. Turkic is generally used to characterize these five countries. Tajikistan is sometimes also grouped together with these Turkic countries; however, Tajiks are descendants of the Persian-speaking peoples of Transoxiana and hence are ethnically and linguistically more Persian than Turkic.  

Starting in 16th century, the territory of the Eastern Civilization had significantly expanded. From 1551 to 1700, Russia annually added land about the size of the Netherlands. There were several reasons for Russia’s expansion. The vehicle for the expansion was industrialization.

The Turks named other Turks who had been assimilated too much into the Chinese culture “Tabgach”.

This historically important group drifted west in late fourth century CE, crossing the lower Volga River in 374 CE and the Don River by 375 CE under their leader Balamir. They first defeated the Alans, then the Ostrogoths. Next, the Visigoths ran for their lives, crossed the Danube River and invaded Roman territory. Following that, the Huns invaded Pannonia and subjugated Gepidae.

Four of the five main characteristics that distinguish Islamic civilization from other civilizations are listed below:

• Islamic Civilization is based on the monotheistic Islamic faith that believes in the oneness of the Almighty Allah, the Creator of this universe. It is characterized by submission to the will of Allah and service to humankind. It is a socio-moral and metaphysical view of the world. Therefore, choice A is wrong.
• It is a civilization with a universal dimension. It is not associated with a particular geographic region, race or historical era. It is based on the idea that man comes before the rest of the creatures of Allah. All human activities should lead to the happiness and welfare of man. Any action intended to serve this goal is a blessed action indeed. Therefore, choices B and E are wrong.
• It is an open civilization. Islamic Civilization has happily incorporated good parts of other civilizations, as long as they are not against the spirit of Islam. Islam is the most pluralist religion; it coexists with other religions, allowing full religious autonomy. Therefore, choice C is wrong.
• It is a well-balanced civilization. It insists on a balance between the material and the spiritual life. This moderation is the essence of Islamic thought and civilization. It permits no excess, no neglect, no extremism and no recklessness. Therefore, choice D is correct.

Prince Vladimir’s son, Yaroslav the Wise converted his subjects into the Orthodox Christian faith in 988.

• Takiyuddin (physics, mechanical technology),
• Meshur Sheyh Dede (watchmaking),
• Ibrahim Efendi (astronomy),
• Hezarfen Ahmet Celebi (aviation),
• Piri Reis (geography),
• Serafeddin Sabuncuoglu (medicine),

• Takiyuddin (physics, mechanical technology),
• Meshur Sheyh Dede (watchmaking),
• Ibrahim Efendi (astronomy),
• Hezarfen Ahmet Celebi (aviation),
• Piri Reis (geography),
• Serafeddin Sabuncuoglu (medicine),

Saint Petersburg

Ottomans had a rich literary tradition called the Divan style. Prominent examples include Leyla and Majnun of Fuzuli, and Husn-u Ask of Sheyh Galib. On the other hand, Turkish folk literature included the following poets from the fourteenth century through the twentieth century: Haci Bayram Veli, Kaygusuz Abdal, Pir Sultan Abdal, Koroglu, Karacaoglan, Gevheri, Dertli, Dadaloglu, and Asik Veysel.The correct answer is C. 

The Soviet Union existed from 1922 to 1991. After Lenin’s death in 1924, dictatorial powers were assumed by his successor Joseph Stalin. The ruthless and calculating dictator suppressed his political opponents, introduced his own crude version of Marxism-Leninism.

-The nation underwent a period of rapid industrialization which was accompanied by the brutal collectivization of peasants into factory-like communes called kolkhozy and sovkhozy between 1928 and 1940. 

The early Muslim caliphates (empires), first the Arabs, then the Persians and later the Turks set about to create classical Islamic civilization. Therefore, the correct answer is A.

“The Xiongnu (Hongnu in Old Chinese, Xwn in Soghdian, probably Old Turkic Qun), also known as the Asiatic Huns, were one of the nomadic peoples of Ancient Central Asia. They are thought to have descended from various Turkic peoples known as Xianyun, Xunyu and Hongyu, yet all the knowledge we have come from Chinese sources written centuries later” (www.allempires.com).

To increase literacy rates, the Communist party has switched from “traditional” Chinese characters to a “simplified” form of writing. Chinese children typically start their formal education at age two. However, Chinese citizens must attend school for at least nine years and this nine-year compulsory education is tuition-free. After this period, Chinese students must pay a small amount of tuition in middle and high school.

In the early decades of the current century, the tenets of this doctrine have become clear. They are based on the following rules:

- Rule 1:Theelimination of governmental regulations is necessarily beneficial since that encourages freedom of speech.

- Rule 2: Intellectual property is an old concept which should be eliminated.

- Rule 3: Most of the extant face-to-face meetings, particularly international conferences, should be replaced by virtual conferences to lower costs and broaden participation.

- Rule 4: Printed books, journals, gazettes, and magazines should be replaced by e-publications to increase readership and decrease costs.

- Rule 5: Face-to-face communication is too personal. 

In February 1917, Nicholas II abdicated, ending the 300-year rule of the Romanov dynasty. In April, Lenin armed a radical faction of the Social Democratic Party, the Bolsheviks, with a consistent plan of action to which they adhered unremittingly.