Suggesting the presence of natural selection in social life, Spenser was a vivid supporter of free market and competition, and he rejected state planning and intervention as well as social state practices because he thought that they were not natural.

Manners and Customs: The manners and customs are the social norms which arise spontaneously and gradually, though they are not explicitly put in place by any society, and which manage the relations within a society. Its sanctions are social pressures. The norms that have been repeated for a long time by the majority of the population and characterized by what we have mentioned are called the customs. The social norms, which are comprised of the same qualities and are subject to a very high degree of evaluation, are called the manners. The manners may include positive obligations, but the sanction of manners is stronger than the sanction of customs. 

In line with the classification made by Gurvitch, the sociology of law could be dealt with in three main sections. These sections and study areas are as follows :

1. Systematic Sociology of Law (Micro): The actual social resources of law, development of legal types,

2. Legal Typology (Macro): Analyzing the law in accordance with the type of community that creates itself, legal staff and legal systems

3. Genetic Sociology of Law: Change and development of law in the course of time

When dealing with religion, sociologists mainly try to understand how religions shape society and conversely, how the historical and contemporary social conditions shape religions. Thus, according to sociological approach, religion should primarily be taken a social rather than theological or psychological phenomenon.

Deviance is closely related to the social structure and culture from which it emerges as a social phenomenon. The social bases of deviance could be as follows: Deviance varies depending on cultural norms; no thought or behaviour is deviant by itself, but they become deviant in terms of their relation to certain norms; people become deviant because the others qualify them as such; the definition of norms and violations of rules by societies involves social power. The correct answer is D.

Examples of organized crime include such activities as smuggling, illegal gambling, drug trafficking, prostitution, large- scale theft and racketeering. Violence or threat of violence could be resorted to in order to carry out these activities. The correct answer is Choice B.

The concepts such as xenophobia, racism, Islamophobia, anti-immigration and global
terror that increased in the new world order that emerged especially after September 11 also shape the perceptions of social peace and security. There is an ongoing search for how people and societies could provide the harmony they need in their lives.

Berger and Luckmann put forward a phenomenological perspective of religion.

Clothing, shelter, talking style, and consumption habits are important
indicators of an individual’s status in the society. On the other hand, age cannot be stated as among them. 

Auguste Comte suggests that, as a result of modernization, human society was going beyond the “theological stage” of social evolution and a new age was rising in which the science of sociology would replace religion as the basis for moral judgments. The correct answer is A. 

According to the symbolic interactionist perspective, the reasons of family problems are often related to different understandings, perceptions and expectations that wives and husbands have about their marriage and family.

The phenomenological approach is particularly associated with the work of Peter Berger andThomas Luckmann. Berger and Luckmann have put forward a phenomenological view of religion: Religion is produced by members of society subjectively interpreting and giving meaning to the world around them. Religion helps to build, maintain and legitimate universes of meaning. For Luckmann, it is not religious practices that have primary sociological significance but rather “symbolic universes”. The correct answer is D.

Religious fundamentalism is a relatively new phenomenon which has arisen largely in response to globalization. As the forces of modernization progressively undermine traditional elements of the social world (such as nuclear family and the domination of women by men), fundamentalism has arisen in defense of traditional beliefs. In a globalizing world, which demands rational reasons, fundamentalism insists on faith-based answers and references to ritual truth. Fundamentalism has more to do with how beliefs are defended and justified than with the content of the beliefs themselves. Although fundamentalism sets itself in opposition to modernity, it also employs modern approaches (TV, social media platforms, internet, websites etc.) as a medium for spreading their doctrines.

Correct option is A

Options B, C, D and E  functionalist theory

Anthropological definitions of culture can be pointed out as descriptive definition in the sense of “the lifestyle of a period or a society.” The definitions in this group refer to the lifestyles that produce certain meanings and values in the daily life of a social group or a society. According to this definition framing culture as a “whole way of lifestyle” of a social group, culture consists of the values that the members of a group believe, the norms they follow, and the material things they create.

Durkheim saw religion as a source of social stability. On the other hand, German sociologist and political economist Max Weber believed religion was a precipitator of social change. The answer is E. 

The concept of cultural reproduction and habitus is produced by French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu, one of the most important theoreticians of the 20^th Century. Although Bourdieu’s work is really difficult to categorize and summarize, one of Bourdieu’s main concerns is the relationship between culture and power. In other words, Bourdieu is most concerned with how stratified social systems of hierarchy and domination reproduce and maintain inter-generationally without powerful resistance. Specifically, Bourdieu extends Erwing Goffman’s focus on the practicalities of the everyday world, by devising a new concept, habitus, which in short means “cultural know-how”. Bourdieu, in his famous study, Distinction, uses a statistical data set to identify social groupings which differ from each other in terms of their distinctive life style that is, their habitus: they have same taste in food and clothes, they like the same kind of music, they share the same leisure activities and hobbies.