On January 7, 1946, Democrat Party (DP) was founded by Celal Bayar.

The government supported exports and constrained total national consumption through several measures such as the introduction of Value Added Tax (and low wage levels). The drive for export was fuelled by export tax rebates, duty-free imports of raw materials and subsidized credits. As a result of these incentives, manufactured consumer goods constituted 72 per cent of exports in 1992, an increase from one third of exports in 1980 (İlkin, 1991). Between 1981 and 1985 exporters received tax rebates and subsidized credit while non-exporting firms faced difficulties to get cheap borrowings.

The 2007 amendments brought significant changes with regard to the way of electing a president.  The 2010 amendments regulated many matters. Affirmative action was recognized regarding children, elders, disabled people, veterans and martyrs. The 2017 amendments included 18 articles. With these amendments, the political system has been developed into the presidential system. All three statements are correct.

There were some important developments that have had a significant impact on the Turkish experience of constitution-making; The Deed of Alliance (Sened-i İttifak 1808), The Edict of Tanzimat (Tanzimat Fermanı 1839), the Edict of Islahat (Islahat Fermanı 1856), The Constitution of 1876 (Kanun-i Esasi 1876). Deed of Alliance was regarded as the starting point of Turkey’s step towards creating a constitutional government. The deed was signed in October 1808 between the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, Sultan Mahmud II and the representatives of provincial notables (Ayan).

The correct answer is A. 

Being aware of and concerned with the growing opposition, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk let one of his close friends, Fethi Okyar, form the Independent Republican Party (Serbest Cumhuriyet Fırkası-SCF) in 1930. C is the right answer.

The guild system was used to regulate economic life, collect taxes on craftsmen and commodities, and meet the needs of the army.

the supremacy of the constitution. As a result of this principle, all ordinary laws made by the Assembly had to comply with the constitution. The constitution established a constitutional court and it introduced the judicial review of the constitutionality of laws for the first time. The court had 15 permanent members and 5 substitute members. The members of the court were chosen by the members of the high court of appeal and the council of state, the President of the republic and the Assembly. The judicial review of the constitutionality of laws paved the way for balanced relations among all three branches of government and a more democratic system in the country.

The official economic policy of the mid-1920s conveyed the objectives phrased by the organization of the National Economic Congress in 1923. The representatives of all economic classes were represented, ‘though on a selective and not truly democratic basis’ (Hershlag, 1988, p. 1). The congress stressed the importance of private economy although both the representatives of economy and politics did not sincerely believe in market economy.

Transition to Democracy 1946–1960: The CHP government had already declared the end of restricted wartime measures and the beginning of a new era of cooperation between the state and the private sector. This sudden change in the CHP ideology was a result of the pressure from the donors of Western aid. DP won the elections in 1950, and Turkey entered into a more liberal economic and political era. This period was marked by capital accumulation in the private sector through government credits originated from foreign aid program. Using the state agencies like the Industrial Development Bank to distribute aid funds increased state patronage and the inefficient use of public funds. The flow of foreign credits as part of the Marshall Program was also used to import agricultural equipment as the general recovery of the world market and the interests of developed countries favored agricultural production and exports in the third world. The private sector started to integrate with international capital as foreign capital flowed in and the economy opened up. Etatism as an authoritarian intervention and control was undermined but this did not mean the abandonment of state investments and intervention. The intervention took the form of clientelism or supporting periphery against the center

With the referendum held in 1987, the political rights of the politicians who were banned from politics after the September 12 coup d’etat were reinstated. Thus, Süleyman Demirel, Alparslan Türkeş, Bülent Ecevit, and Necmettin Erbakan have returned to the political arena.

The Ottoman state developed three social institutions, the devşirme (enslaved children levied from the Christian population of the Balkans, then trained as servants of the sultan), millet, and the guild system. The devşirme system provided an army of bureaucrats and soldiers with no ethnic, family, or regional loyalties other than those owed to the state. The devşirme system degenerated and came to an end by the 17th century.

The Karakol Society Also known as Sentinel Association was a secret and unofficial intelligence organization established after the occupation of İstanbul. Talat Pasha ordered the establishment of the organization. Its founders were Kara Kemal Bey and Kara Vasıf Bey. The society was called “kara-kol”; because the nicknames of both founders are “kara”. Karakol organized the soldiers and secretly carried weapons in Anatolia during the War of Independence. In addition, the members of the Karakol Society organized the first resistance organizations in different parts of Anatolia. This society is regarded as one of the constituents of the Turkish National Intelligence Organization (Milli İstihbarat Teşkilatı-MİT).

With the 2016 referendum, Turkey adopted the Presidential governmental system.

The correct answer is A. 

The Karakol Society, also known as Sentinel Association, was a secret and unofficial intelligence organization established after the occupation of İstanbul. Talat Pasha ordered the establishment of the organization. Its founders were Kara Kemal Bey and Kara Vasıf Bey. The society was called “kara-kol”; because the nicknames of both founders are “kara”. Karakol organized the soldiers and secretly carried weapons in Anatolia during the War of Independence. In addition, the members of the Karakol Society organized the first resistance organizations in different parts of Anatolia. This society is regarded as one of the constituents of the Turkish National Intelligence Organization. Therefore, the correct option is D.

In 1876, Sultan Abdulhamid II declared the Constitution of 1876 (Kanun-i Esasi) which started the “First Constitutional Era”. In this process, the Ottoman Parliament (Meclis-i Mebusan) began to work with the elected members. However, the Sultan closed the parliament indefinitely in 1878 and the constitution was suspended even though the implement of the reform projects was continued by Abdulhamid II. Due to many internal and external problems in the same period, the Sultan did not reopen the parliament. Therefore, the correct option is C.

The February 28 military memorandum created a big trauma in large segments of society. For example, thousands of girls were forced to leave their schools because they were veiling. Vocational high school students were exposed to discrimination through the coefficient system; so many students could not enter faculties for many years. A large number of people were judged and sent to prison with the accusation of their reactionary activities. Some people lost their jobs and professions. On February 28, the military did not make a usual coup. However, politicians were forced to act in the direction of the army’s demands. They changed the elected government and intervened directly into politics without directly taking control of the country. For this reason, the February 28th Process was called the “postmodern coup”.

The Constitution of 1982 has a strong emphasis on the sovereignty of state and it is built on the philosophy that extensively limits human rights and freedoms. The state-centric viewpoint of society, individual and politics pervades all through the constitution. The constitution is a hard constitution due to the fact that it is more difficult to change its articles other than ordinary laws. The constitution acknowledges the democratic parliament system but abolishes the bicameral assembly system that adopted in the constitution of 1961. It strengthens the branch of executive power and puts an end to the autonomous agencies in the body of government and makes the MGK a powerful institution in Turkish politics.

The correct answer is A.