The market pay money in the exchange process if accepts the offer of the marketer as valuable and wants to have transaction. Money is not the only payable concept by customers. While an individual may donate money to a non-profit institution, he also spends his/her time, energy, expertise in this exchange process and feels better as a result of good deeds done for the society.

Questionnaires are not one of the contents of annual marketing plan.

Marketing information could be defined as any verbal, written or visual data that is relevant to marketing decisions, and could be gathered from
various sources. Marketing information is also defined as any data or information gathered legally and ethically, which would be analyzed and transformed regarding to business needs for using in strategic planning and problem-solving processes.

Market Penetration is a strategy for company growth by increasing sales of current products to current market segments without changing the product. 

Product development is a strategy for company growth by offering modified or new products to current market segments. 

Diversification is a strategy for a company’s growth through starting up or acquiring businesses outside the company’s current products and markets. 

Downsizing is reducing the business protfolio by eliminating products of business units that are not profitable or no longer fit the company’s overall strategy. 

Therefore, the answer is "B".

A combination of products, services, information, or experiences offered to a market to satisfy a need or a want is the closest and the best definition of it.

Marketing research can be employed in all decisions concerning the marketing mix elements. For example, marketing research gives firms insights into customer motives and attitudes, purchase behavior and satisfaction level. It can also help them to evaluate market potential, measure the effectiveness of pricing, product, distribution, and promotion activities. Production is not related with marketing, therefore, the correct answer is A.

Data consists of numbers, records, symbols, and the like about facts. Data could be obtained from events, changing circumstances, and developments that occur in the business environment; as well as from records and reports kept by the company itself. Information is related to the formation and shaping of data. In other words, information is obtained by attributing meaning to the collected data. From this point of view, information is interpretation of numbers, records, symbols, situations, etc. that make up the data. Knowledge has a deeper, richer and broader meaning than information. Information is converted into knowledge; when information is synthesized and used in decisions, it transforms into knowledge. Thus, the correct answer is B.

We can summarize marketing management orientations as;

1) Production orientation: Produce as cheaply as possible and keep prices low.

2) Product orientation: Focus on making the best possible product & quality.

3) Sales orientation:  Focus on selling what they produce instead of selling what the consumers need.

4) Marketing orientation:  Focus on contributing to the satisfaction of customers’ needs. 

5) Societal Marketing Concept: Delivers value to customers in a way that maintains or improves both the consumer’s and society’s well-being

The marketing information system derives information about customers, as well as information about target markets, competitors, marketing channels, public opinion and macro environmental factors. Employees are not one of the sources, therefore E is the correct answer. 

Market-oriented companies give customers the highest priority while conducting business. Every department and employee should focus on contributing to the satisfaction of customers’ needs.

Among all other choices, Turkey has the smallest economy with a percentage of 0,97%. The right answer is C.

Baby Boomers are the generation born between 1946 and 1964.34 They were born between the end of the Second World War and 1964 when birth rates intensified. Baby boomers value individuality, self-expression, and optimism. They define themselves with careers in terms of their characteristics, lifestyles, and attitudes and many of them are workaholics. The right answer is E.

Generation Z,  born after 2000 are defined as Generation Z. Their parents married at later ages compared to the previous generations. They have faced global terrorism, consequences of 9/11 attacks, violence at schools, economic uncertainty, stagnation, and mortgage crisis. In terms of their characteristics, lifestyles, and attitudes, Gen Z is the new conservatives with their traditional beliefs, family cohesion, self-control and more responsible behavior.

A marketing information system consists of people and procedures dedicated to assessing information needs, developing the needed information, and helping decision makers use the information to generate and validate actionable customer and market insights. Thus, the correct answer is A.

Values are principles and shared beliefs that unite customers, business, managers and staff. Values must be expressed in a clear and concise fashion. Values are not empty slogans or meaningless ideals.

Subsistence economies that consume most of their own agricultural and industrial output and offer few market opportunities for the companies.

Relationship marketing looking at customers as an individual and creating reliable bonds with them is a central goal in relationship marketing. Companies use three types of relational bond like financial, social and structural to retain their current customers and increase their loyalty.

SWOT analysis is an overall evaluation of the company’s strenghts(S), weaknesses (W), opportunities (O), and threats (T). Therefore, the answer is "C".

The act of decision making and conducting marketing research are distinctive activities, and there are examples where the crucial link between these activities has resulted in failure. If decision-makers lack of necessary knowledge, or they perceive risk and uncertainty in their decision-making and cannot find support within their firm, they could acquire support from marketing research. However, many marketers state occasions where the use of marketing research has
resulted in failure or where decisions based upon experience or intuition has proved to be successful. Such occasions present a challenge to marketing researchers, especially in light of the competition faced from alternative information sources; and should remind to maintain a focus of offering real and valuable support to decision-makers. Recognizing what real and valuable support means should fortify the whole array of creative data collection and analysis procedures.

Alpha Generation is the newest generation. Alpha Generation is defined as the generation born after 2010. McCrindle unveils the concept of Generation Alpha, states that it is the generation with the highest technological awareness, the most global, and influential generation up until now.