Culture is a very powerful element in the formation of political in changing circumstances, but let us forget that it is still only one among many elements which do shape political conflicts. Kulturkampf (“cultural war or struggle”) is a specific term that indicates a specific period (1871-1887) in German history where state tried to gain dominance over church in daily life, especially in marriage and contract issues. The appearance was illusionary; this was not a conflict between “Protestant State” and “Catholic Church” but about who was going to decide even on tiniest trivial matters in daily life, and that political power, a central authority is executive on every issue in social life without exemption. However cultural matters do have a unique discourse to express themselves, and people do have a definite language about culture to define itself, and cultural identity or any kind of identity mostly rely on symbolic representations. As can be understood from the information given, the correct answer is A.

Narodnik, (Russian: “Populist”), member of a 19^th century socialist movement in Russia who believed that political propaganda among the peasantry would lead to the awakening of the masses and, through their influence, to the liberalization of the tsarist regime.  A peasant is a term used to describe an agricultural laborer. You can refer to all the peasants in a particular country as the peasantry. Narodnichestvo, or “Populism” have the same meaning, they refer to the 19^th century socialist movement in Russia.

The main opposition party of the Second Constitution Era was the Party for Freedom and Harmony (Hürriyet ve İtilaf FırkasıHİF) established on 21 November 1911.

Let us try to list the mains reasons behind the 31 March Incident. First of all, because of the rationalist policies of the post1908 bureaucracy, some people who were seen abundant were removed from the offices, which was a serious reason for discomfort. Many people lost their jobs because of these policies. Secondly, the measures taken by the İTC to pave the way for the officers who studied at the Ottoman Military College to reach higher positions in the bureaucratic hierarchy led to a great dissatisfaction among the uneducated military staff. Thirdly, Ulama was aware that it would not be easy to maintain its effectiveness within a state structure controlled by the İTC. Hence, it may be stated that the ulama acted together with the opponents because they wanted to keep their position. Finally, the Ahrar opposition contributed significantly to the 31 March Incident.

The People’s Houses were founded in 1932 with an aim to urbanite people, and to conserve and enliven traditional folkloric customs, offered courses in literature, fine arts as well as handcrafting, tayloring and similar practices. The correct answer is A.

The informaton related to the other years in the answer choices are as follows:

1940: The Village Institutes were founded in 1940.

1950: Democrat Party (Demokrat Parti-DP) won elections in 1950.

1971: The Coup that took place in 1971 (March 12, 1971) was again a removal of democratically selected government led by Süleyman Demirel’s Justice Party (Adalet PartisiAP).

1980: The most radical and annihilating coup by the army in modern Turkish history was carried out in in 1980 (“12 Eylül Darbesi”).

The First Constitutional Era lasted between 1876 and 1878. 

Until Second Constitutional Era, there have been no political parties in a real sense in Turkey. The legacy of Second Constitutional Era is a period where organised parties and competing emerged for the first time. It would not be wrong to state that the foundations of the party system in Turkey were laid down in this period. There is no doubt that the most important political organization after 1908, which would later turn into a political party, was The Committee of Union and Progress.

The Deed of Alliance is a treaty signed between ayans and the Ottoman State at the end of a meeting organized in the Ottoman capital with the invitation of Alemdar Mustafa Pasha. During the meeting, it was decided to reform the Janissary corps, to empower ayans with the authority to exert power on the bureaucratic officers assigned by the state, to guarantee the safety of the goods and privileges of the ayans and to include them in their heritage. In return, the ayans promised to show full respect to Sultan, to provide armed power and pay their taxes (Karpat, 2002, p. 56). Based on the decisions taken, it could be stated that the signed contract represents a reconciliation between the interests of both the Sultan and ayans (Karpat, 2006, p. 25). Moreover, Deed of Alliance is considered to be the first constitutional document, through which the powers of the sovereign were limited for the first time, similar to the British Magna Carta that dates back to 1215. In this respect, it certainly represents a very critical step in our political life.

The Dominant Party is a term used to refer to parties that have succeeded in coming to power in the elections held in accordance with democratic procedures for a long time.

Ulama (ulema) has a fundamental role with both educational and legal functions. Therefore, the correct option is B.

With the military coup of 12 September 1980, the political regime was restored, and progress was made as a reaction to the negativity of the previous period.With the military coup of 12 September 1980, the political regime was restored, and progress was made as a reaction to the negativity of the previous period. Two instruments were used to prevent government crises and stop fragmentation in the political party system. The first is the protection of the proportional representation system by the electoral law, but the introduction of a %10 country-wide electoral threshold. This arrangement was intended to keep small parties, as well as parties deemed ‘out of system’, out of parliament. With the %10 electoral threshold, the current proportional representation system was expected to produce similar results to the majority systems. The second instrument was to close all political parties after the coup and to allow only three parties to enter the elections held in 1983

Despite the 10% country-wide electoral threshold, from 1991 elections to the 2002 elections, no party was able to come to power alone.

Another important development in the 90s was the involvement of the parties which were predominantly elected from the East and Southeast, came out with the claim of carrying the demands of the Kurds to politics.

The correct answer is E. 

Nation-state is a sovereign political association within which citizenship and nationality overlap; one nation within a single state.