Exploratory research is a type of initial research that provides information to understand the scope of the current marketing problem. Thus, the correct answer is A. 

Various definitions illustrate that marketing information system has a few critical aspects;
• First of all, as a system it comprises principles, processes, methods, people and necessary instruments for collecting, analyzing and storing information;
• Moreover, it is a planned and systematic effort for meeting the marketing information needs;
• Furthermore, it is a continuous effort. Continuity means that the system provides the information required for the marketing decisions not based on discrete research
attempts but on the basis of regular and continuous information generation.

SMART goal setting brings structure and trackability into a company’s goals and objectives. S.M.A.R.T. is an acronym that is used to guide the development of measurable goals. It stands for; specific, measurable, achievable, relevant and time-oriented.

Therefore, the answer is "D".

Marketing mix which consists of product, price, place and promotion. It is also known as the 4 P’s of marketing.

Conclusive research is conducted to describe specific marketing facts, to test prespecified hypotheses and to examine specific relationships.

The terms need and want are generally used instead of each other by people because consumers can not make much distinction between needs and wants. A need is the difference between a consumer’s actual state and some ideal or desired state. A want is a desire for a particular product used to satisfy a need. While all people around the world need food when they are hungry,based on their culture, income and some other characteristics, they might want a different productor service to satisfy the same need.

Based on this information, in A, B, D, E the customers try to satisfy their needs by turning them into wants. They meet their needs through socializing and/or using the same products to become more socially integrated. In C, the customer tries to fix the scratch as he needs it; he is not socially persuaded to buy a certain brand. 

Line management: Functional managers like sales and marketing create a team in
order to conduct environmental scanning in addition to their existing duties.
Disadvantages of line management are resistance to imposition of additional duties, lack of specialist research and analytical skills required for scanners.

Suppliers are the providers of the resources needed by the company to produce its goods and services. They affect companies considerably and have a vital role in the company’s overall customer value delivery system. A supplier could easily cause a negative effect on a company by supplying defective materials or parts.

Strategy could be defined as “defining policy for the goal”. Therefore the correct answer is A. The other options are far beyond defining the term 'strategy'.

A research design typically consists of the following tasks:

• Defining the information needed
• Identifying whether the overall design is to be exploratory, descriptive or causal
• Devising the techniques for investigation or measurement
• Organizing an appropriate form or questionnaire for data collection
• Determining the sampling process and sample size
• Elaborating the steps of qualitative or quantitative data analysis

Correct answer is C. 

The BCG matrix which takes after the abbreviation of the Boston Consulting Group, is essentially a chart which was developed by the firm’s employee Bruce Henderson in 1970 to assisst businesses in examining their business units and product lines. According to the chart, cash cows are the SBUs which have low
market growth rate and high market share. These established and successful business units require less investment to keep their market share and fall within the lower-left corner of the matrix. The right answer is A.

The less amount of required and relevant information compared to larger amount of redundant information.

Product research can be carried out for testing new product concepts and opportunities, revealing customer expectations on a new product’s content or design, and comparing the performance of an existing product with its competitors. Thus, the correct answer is C. 

As seen above in the figure, the steps start from data and ends with knowledge.

Primary data obtained when the manufacturer directly go to the source of the data required, who are the users. Correct answer is E.

Price is the only element in the marketing mix that provides revenue. While the product, distribution channels and promotion cost significant amount of money, price costs nothing. Price can be defined as what the business charges its customers for the goods and services it provides.

Exchange is an act of obtaining a desired object (like a product) from someone by offering something in return (like money). In the exchange process, there must be two or more parties involved like individuals or organizations.

Government intervention is another rising trend about the natural environment. Governments try to protect natural resources and ensure clean environment with laws and regulations. Therefore it is related with the natural environment. D is the right answer.

Resellers are distribution channel companies that help the company to find and/or sell customers.

Market intelligence or in other words market monitoring information covers the data and information that marketing decision makers need about market changes.Market intelligence is often the result of various studies conducted for
other specific purposes. Information gathered about market conditions and changes, competitors, changes in macro factors of the marketing environment, circumstances affecting customer preferences and purchasing habits are generally
considered under this heading.