Straight rebuy situation is when the same product is brought from the same supplier.

Modified rebuy situation is when a certain change occurs in the purchase process (ie. a change in the product or the supplier).

New task situation is when the organization buys a certain product/ service for the first time.

Positioning creates the product’s image among other products of the same sector as well as rival products. Positioning for a product to occupy a clear, distinctive, and desirable place relative to competing products in the minds of target consumers.

Product is anything which is offered to a market to satisfy consumers’ needs and wants. Products include both tangible objects such as physical goods and intangible aspects such as services.

Gatekeepers – the people who control access of information into the buying center and the sharing of information among the members in the buying center. Sometimes a gatekeeper may directly influence the final decision by not providing some critical information to the buying center. For example, someone
form the purchasing department or the assistant/secretary of a CEO may act as
a gatekeeper by not allowing the seller to contact the decider, the influencer or the user in the buying center, hence preventing the flow of information to them. D is the right answer.

These are in the social forces group.

Government markets buy to produce public services.

Market segments must be measurable, accesible, substantial, differentia and actionable in order to be evaluated as useful. Variable is not suitable concept to complete the sentence. Correct answer is E. 

Convenience products are physical goods and services purchased frequently with a minimum buying effort. These products are generally cheap and sold in almost every point of sale.

Strategic Marketing Plan involves the following five stages.

1. Performing a situational (SWOT) analysis.

2. Setting marketing goals and objectives.

3. Establishing positioning, differentiation advantage.

4. Selecting the target market and measure the market demand.

5. Formulating marketing mix.

Preparing an annual marketing plan is not one of the stages in Strategic Marketing Plan. Therefore answer C is the correct one.

Several consumer behavior scholars and researchers who debate whether The Big Five traits are enough to describe human behavior or not have also offered some trait adjectives. "Uniqueness pursuers" is one of these traits. 

In the value chain, from raw materials stage up until the retailer stage, all activities conducted are B2B; only the activities involved between the retailer and the consumer are B2C. Most of the marketing activities are conducted in the B2B markets, not in the B2C markets. Therefore the right answer is E.

The fifth stage of the B2B buying process is the porposal solicitation stage where the organization contacts qualified suppliers and asks them to prepare and submit their written proposals if they are interested. B is the right answer.

Demographic segmentation uses variables such as age, life-cycle stage, gender, income, occupation, education, ethnicity and generation to define segments

New-product development process includes 8 major steps.8 These steps include:
• Generation of new ideas: Ideas are gathered from different parties such as employers, consumers, competitors, etc.
• Screening of new ideas: All ideas are evaluated based on several criteria such as potential market size, cost, product development time to find the better ideas and in this stage poor ideas are eliminated.
• Concept development and testing: Consumers are included in the process to select the best concepts.
• Marketing Strategy Development: This step includes preparing plans and programmes for test marketing.
• Business analysis: Some analyses such as cost, demand, profitability are performed to prove potential economic success of new concepts.
• Product development programme: After completing the stages above, a prototype is developed.
• Test marketing: The new product may be tested in a small market such as a city before commercialization stage to see if there is a need to make changes in the product or in any aspect of marketing strategy based on the opinions of consumers.
• Commercialization and control: If all stages are completed successfully, the new product is launched to the market.

Therefore, the correct option is C.

The core value of a mobile phone is communication.

Although there are a large number of traits, for the last two decades, most psychologists agree on five traits or factors that constitute personality. These factors or traits are called The Big 5 Personality Traits or OCEAN (an acronym). These five factors are openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism. "Obedience" is not one of those five factors.

B2B stands for Business To Business marketing. A is the correct answer and the other options are not related to the question.