Disadvantages of having strong organizational culture are: 1.Makes mergers & acquisition harder. 2.Only attracts the same type of people thus diminishes organizational diversity. 3.Creates organizational inertia. 4.Decreases organization’s environmental adaptability potential.

Organizational innovation is the implementation of a new organizational method in the company context. There are three types of organizational innovation: organizational innovation in business practice, innovation in workplace organization, and innovation in organization methods for external relationships. Organization innovation in business practice contains the implementation of new methods for organizing routines and procedures, such as engaging in customer relationship management, training, and education systems for employees, or introducing total quality management. Innovation in workplace organization includes the implementation of new methods for distributing responsibilities and decision-making among employees for the division of work, as well as new concepts for the structuring of activities. Finally, innovation in organization methods for external relationships involves the implementation of new ways of organizing relationships with other firms or public institutions, such as collaboration with public organizations, methods for integration with suppliers, or outsourcing. The correct answer is Choice C.

Mediating technologies serve parties by bringing them together in an exchange or other transaction. Banks, online marketplaces, and social network companies all operate using mediating technology that links the participants by helping them locate one another and conduct their transactions, often without ever having to meet physically.

Technology Management is defined as a process for planning and controlling the necessary technologies to shape and realize the strategic and functional goals of the organizations. It can also be seen as a multidisciplinary approach, combination of engineering, management, information technologies. It is possible to say that the aim of the technology management is not only improving the existing or new products and services to meet their own managerial needs of organizations that have been acquired and exploited by technologies in their structures.

A manager with limited rationality uses mental methods that simplify the solution and provide shortcuts to make decisions and process information. This is called intuitive decision-making.

Intuitive decision-making features individual experience and judgments more than logic and reasoning. Intuitive decision-making is not as coincidental as is thought. What underlies these decisions is that the manager faces similar problems many times and experiences different solutions. Managers act intuitively especially in decisions that must be immediately made. The more intuitive or rational behavior of the manager is sometimes related to his or her disposition.

Organizational change is usually oriented to improving effectiveness and efficiency at one or more of four different targets: strategy, technology, structure, and people and/or the culture. Strategy refers to “the determination of the basic long-term goals of an enterprise, the adoption of courses of action and the allocation of resources necessary for carrying out these goals for achieving sustainable competitive advantage. Structural change means any change in the patterned or regularized aspects of the relationships among participants in the organization. Technological change means changing the hardware (equipment, machines, and instruments) used in performing work and skills and knowledge of employees. People/ Cultural change includes changes in beliefs and values (ideals, goals, values, aspirations, ideologies, and rationalizations), and/or basic underlying assumptions (unconscious, taken - for - granted beliefs and values). The correct answer is Choice D.

Investing in new equipment, changing price policy, and designing new education and training programs are some examples of changes in functional strategies.

Mergers and acquisitions, outsourcing, and entering strategic alliances (franchising, equity alliance, joint venture, etc.) are the most common corporate change attempts.

Predictability is a feature of programmed decisions. Nonprogrammed decisions are unpredictable. The correct answer is D.

The decision-making process generally involves a number of aspects such as being active, giving importance to communication and information flow, relying on foresight, having a plan, generating alternative expenses, and incorporating a problem-solving process. The process becomes more complicated when it transforms from individual decision-making into organizational decision-making.

How does use of technology help and support the organizations? The answers and explanations for this question are as follows:

• Technology can add economic value to organizations.

• Organizations can gain competitive advantage.

• Technology can improve the production of the existing goods and services.

• Technology can also improve new products, services and innovations.

• Technology can improve the relations among customers and organizations.

First systematic approaches to study organizations were developed by pioneers of management thought such as Frederick Winslow Taylor, Henry Gantt, Frank and Lillian Gilbert, Henri Fayol and James Mooney. All of these scholars were mostly interested in the efficient processing of internal systems. The others listed in (b), (c), (d), and (e) were among the contingency theorists. Choice (a) is the correct answer.

Ethics is about personal morality. Organizations can reinforce ethical values and behavior by using tactics given below; • Selecting and recruiting ethically developed employees, • Determining moral codes, • Ethical leadership, • Designing performance management and defining organizational objectives in relation to the ethical standards, • Ethics training and education, • Independent audits and • Setting up proactive mechanisms for preventing unethical behavior.

Organizational culture is made up of fundamental beliefs and assumptions, providing shared values that make being a part of an organization meaningful, and offers organizational members welldefined integrative patterns for expressing themselves. Organizational culture is usually defined as a norm and value-based phenomenon.

Process innovation is a company’s effort to refine and improve its current processes. In the early stages of industry development, product innovation is vital. However, over time product innovation becomes less critical, and process innovations designed to reduce manufacturing costs and increase product quality become more critical. Advances such as containerization, just-in-time production, mass customization, lean manufacturing, and Six Sigma make possible process innovations. The implementation of a new organizational method in the company context is called Organizational innovation. The correct answer is Choice C.

A finance manager can ask the following questions:

Programmed decision-making involves the most efficient and easily repeatable routine operations.

In general, this decision-making mechanism includes a set of written rules and standards that enable the organization to operate in the most efficient manner.

Organizations arrange boards, policies and detailed procedures for decisions to be taken in such repetitive situations.

This type of solution eliminates a very time-consuming process of identifying and evaluating alternatives and making new decisions. Managers, thus, have the opportunity to devote their time to solving included in the resolution of problems that these managers deal with. 

This model is clearly emphasized to be used in complex organizations where organizational anarchy rules, information flow procedures are uncertain and technology usage is low. Underlying this view, there are assertive behaviors, decisions and practices argued against the rational decision making models. This model, shortly, means “do it before think about it.” Decisions, policies and practices whose results are not searched, traps and disadvantages are not considered are eventually thrown into garbage can.

This model, which tries to combine organizational design and organizational anarchy, states that there is no connection between problems that tried to be solved and solution methods.

Subculture is defined as groups sharing overall cultural values of the society but diverges from these groups by holding different values brought by their lifestyles, values, and norms.