In recent years, many companies have increasingly used hybrid channels and multichannel marketing to reach the same or different markets, because today, customers want to find the same product in different type of channels. IKEA’s use of both physical store and internet store for furniture  sales is an example of multichannel usage. Multichannel marketing takes place “when a single company employs two or more marketing channels to serve customer segments. The correct answer is C.

In loss-leader pricing, many companies intentionally set a price level below customary price. Therefore, the correct answer is C.

Producers - Wholesalers- Retailers - Customers

Market-skimming pricing sets high prices to skim higher revenue from the market. Prices are dropped to attract new buyers after a while. In other words, prices are decreased step by step to sell the products to new consumers.

I - analyzing customer needs and wants,

II - establishing channel objectives and constraints,

III - identifying major channel alternatives,

IV - evaluating the major alternatives.

Price can be affected by many factors. These factors can be grouped as external and internal factors. The external factors include market and demand structure, economic factors, competitors’ costs and prices, distribution channels, legal regulations, and societal concerns. No single company can affect external factors; therefore, companies should adapt them. On the other hand, a company can manage internal factors such as costs, pricing aims of the firm, and diverse variables driven by other elements of marketing mix.

Product bundle pricing sells less demanded products together with highly demanded ones at a discounted price. The correct answer is A.

The Olympic Games is a very big event for athlethes and it attracts millions of people from all around the world. This is basically events marketing, therefore the correct answer is D. 

The difference between price and cost is company’s profit margin while the difference between price and customer value is consumer surplus. The correct answer is B.

Full-service wholesalers include wholesale merchants and industrial distributors. They provide full line of services including carrying inventory, maintaining a sales force, making delivery, helping promotion, providing information, marking and packaging goods etc. The correct answer is A.

Market segmentation is a process of dividing the market into smaller groups that the members of each group are similar to each other as well as their reactions to the marketing mix of the company.

Determine prices at levels that will maintain production and employment of workers.

The term bricks and mortar refers to the physical retail stores. Brick and click retailers are the retailers that operate both online store (the clicks) and offline the physical retail stores.

Horizontal marketing system is the marketing system created by two or more unrelated companies at the same channel level, which put together resources and programs temporarily or permanently to capture marketing opportunities. The correct answer is B.

Exclusive distribution refers to utilizing only a limited number of intermediaries within a given market. Some companies deliberately restrict the number of intermediaries serving their products in exclusive distribution. In this type of distribution, the producer gives just a limited number of dealers the exclusive right to distribute its goods in their territories.

The first is to assess whether a company sales force will sell more or not compared to the sales intermediaries. The next is to estimate the costs of selling different volumes through each channel. The final step is to compare costs and sales. Therefore, the correct answer is C.

Durable goods are tangible goods that normally survive many uses, such as cars, washing machines, and household appliances.

The negotiation channel is the one in which buying and selling agreements are made. This could include transactions face to face or by telephone, e-mail, or almost any other form of communication. Brokers are associated with this channel. They are independent intermediary and paid to arrange a particular transaction.

Since the product is a newly launched one there is always a chance of having few competitors in the market. Therefore, the correct answer is B.